______________________________________________________________________
17 Library introduction [lib.library]
______________________________________________________________________
1 This clause describes the contents of the C++ Standard library, how a
well-formed C++ program makes use of the library, and how a conforming
implementation may provide the entities in the library.
2 The C++ Standard library provides an extensible framework, and con
tains components for: language support, diagnostics, general utili
ties, strings, locales, containers, iterators, algorithms, numerics,
and input/output. The language support components are required by
certain parts of the C++ language, such as memory allocation
(_expr.new_, _expr.delete_) and exception processing (_except_).
3 The general utilities include components used by other library ele
ments, such as a predefined storage allocator for dynamic storage man
agement (_basic.stc.dynamic_). The diagnostics components provide a
consistent framework for reporting errors in a C++ program, including
predefined exception classes.
4 The strings components provide support for manipulating text repre
sented as sequences of type char, sequences of type wchar_t, or
sequences of any other ``character-like'' type. The localization com
ponents extend internationalization support for such text processing.
5 The containers, iterators, and algorithms provide a C++ program with
access to a subset of the most widely used algorithms and data struc
tures.
6 Numeric algorithms and the complex number components extend support
for numeric processing. The valarray components provide support for
n-at-a-time processing, potentially implemented as parallel operations
on platforms that support such processing.
7 The iostreams components are the primary mechanism for C++ program
input/output. They can be used with other elements of the library,
particularly strings, locales, and iterators.
8 This library also makes available the facilities of the Standard C
library, suitably adjusted to ensure static type safety.
9 The following subclauses describe the definitions (_lib.definitions_),
and method of description (_lib.description_) for the library. Sub
clause _lib.requirements_ and Clauses _lib.language.support_ through
_lib.input.output_ specify the contents of the library, and library
requirements and constraints on both well-formed C++ programs and
conforming implementations.
17.1 Definitions [lib.definitions]
--category: A logical collection of library entities. Clauses
_lib.language.support_ through _lib.input.output_ each describe a
single category of entities within the library.
--comparison function: An operator function (_over.oper_) for any of
the equality (_expr.eq_) or relational (_expr.rel_) operators.
--component: A group of library entities directly related as members,
parameters, or return types. For example, the class template
basic_string and the non-member template functions that operate on
strings can be referred to as the string component.
--default behavior: A description of replacement function and handler
function semantics. Any specific behavior provided by the implemen
tation, within the scope of the required behavior.
--handler function: A non-reserved function whose definition may be
provided by a C++ program. A C++ program may designate a handler
function at various points in its execution, by supplying a pointer
to the function when calling any of the library functions that
install handler functions (_lib.language.support_).
--modifier function: A class member function (_class.mfct_), other
than constructors, assignment, or destructor, that alters the state
of an object of the class.
--object state: The current value of all nonstatic class members of an
object (_class.mem_). The state of an object can be obtained by
using one or more observer functions
--observer function: A class member function (_class.mfct_) that
accesses the state of an object of the class, but does not alter
that state. Observer functions are specified as const member func
tions (_class.this_).
--replacement function: A non-reserved function whose definition is
provided by a C++ program. Only one definition for such a function
is in effect for the duration of the program's execution, as the
result of creating the program (_lex.phases_) and resolving the def
initions of all translation units (_basic.link_).
--required behavior: A description of replacement function and handler
function semantics, applicable to both the behavior provided by the
implementation and the behavior that shall be provided by any func
tion definition in the program. If a function defined in a C++ pro
gram fails to meet the required behavior when it executes, the
behavior is undefined.
--reserved function: A function, specified as part of the C++ Standard
library, that must be defined by the implementation. If a C++ pro
gram provides a definition for any reserved function, the results
are undefined.
Subclause _intro.defs_ defines additional terms used elsewhere in
this International Standard.
17.2 Method of description (Informative) [lib.description]
1 This subclause describes the conventions used to describe the C++
Standard library. It describes the structures of the normative
Clauses _lib.language.support_ through _lib.input.output_
(_lib.structure_), and other editorial conventions
(_lib.conventions_).
17.2.1 Structure of each subclause [lib.structure]
1 Subclause _lib.organization_ provides a summary of the C++ Standard
library's contents. Other Library clauses provide detailed specifica
tions for each of the components in the library, as shown in Table 1:
Table 1--Library Categories
+-------------------------------------------+
| Clause Category |
+-------------------------------------------+
|_lib.language.support_ Language support |
|_lib.diagnostics_ Diagnostics |
|_lib.utilities_ General utilities |
|_lib.strings_ Strings |
|_lib.localization_ Localization |
|_lib.containers_ Containers |
|_lib.iterators_ Iterators |
|_lib.algorithms_ Algorithms |
|_lib.numerics_ Numerics |
|_lib.input.output_ Input/output |
+-------------------------------------------+
2 Each Library clause contains the following elements, as applicable:1)
--Summary
--Requirements
--Detailed specifications
--References to the Standard C library
_________________________
1) To save space, items that do not apply to a clause are omitted.
For example, if a clause does not specify any requirements on template
arguments, there will be no ``Requirements'' subclause.
17.2.1.1 Summary [lib.structure.summary]
1 The Summary provides a synopsis of the category, and introduces the
first-level subclauses. Each subclause also provides a summary, list
ing the headers specified in the subclause and the library entities
provided in each header.
2 Paragraphs labelled ``Note(s):'' or ``Example(s):'' are informative,
other paragraphs are normative.
3 The summary and the detailed specifications are presented in the
order:
--Macros
--Values
--Types
--Classes
--Functions
--Objects
17.2.1.2 Requirements [lib.structure.requirements]
1 The library can be extended by a C++ program. Each clause, as appli
cable, describes the requirements that such extensions must meet.
Such extensions are generally one of the following:
--Template arguments
--Derived classes
--Containers, iterators, and/or algorithms that meet an interface con
vention
2 The string and iostreams components use an explicit representation of
operations required of template arguments. They use a template class
name XXX_traits to define these constraints.
3 Interface convention requirements are stated as generally as possible.
Instead of stating ``class X has to define a member function opera
tor++(),'' the interface requires ``for any object x of class X, ++x
is defined.'' That is, whether the operator is a member is unspeci
fied.
4 Requirements are stated in terms of well-defined expressions, which
define valid terms of the types that satisfy the requirements. For
every set of requirements there is a table that specifies an initial
set of the valid expressions and their semantics
(_lib.allocator.requirements_, _lib.container.requirements_,
_lib.iterator.requirements_). Any generic algorithm
(_lib.algorithms_) that uses the requirements is described in terms of
the valid expressions for its formal type parameters.
5 In some cases the semantic requirements are presented as C++ code.
Such code is intended as a specification of equivalence of a construct
to another construct, not necessarily as the way the construct must be
implemented.2)
17.2.1.3 Specifications [lib.structure.specifications]
1 The detailed specifications each contain the following elements:3)
--Name and brief description
--Synopsis (class definition or function prototype, as appropriate)
--Restrictions on template arguments, if any
--Decription of class invariants
--Description of function semantics
2 Descriptions of class member functions follow the order (as
appropriate):4)
--Constructor(s) and destructor
--Copying & assignment functions
--Comparison functions
--Modifier functions
--Observer functions
--Operators and other non-member functions
3 Descriptions of function semantics contain the following elements (as
appropriate):5)
--Requires: the preconditions for calling the function
_________________________
2) Although in some cases the code given is unambiguously the optimum
implementation.
3) The form of these specifications was designed to follow the conven
tions established by existing C++ library vendors.
4) To save space, items that do not apply to a class are omitted. For
example, if a class does not specify any comparison functions, there
will be no ``Comparison functions'' subclause.
5) To save space, items that do not apply to a function are omitted.
For example, if a function does not specify any preconditions, there
will be no ``Requires'' paragraph.
--Effects: the actions performed by the function
--Postconditions: the observable results established by the function
--Returns: a description of the value(s) returned by the function
--Throws: any exceptions thrown by the function, and the conditions
that would cause the exception
--Complexity: the time and/or space complexity of the function
4 For non-reserved replacement and handler functions, Clause
_lib.language.support_ specifies two behaviors for the functions in
question: their required and default behavior. The default behavior
describes a function definition provided by the implementation. The
required behavior describes the semantics of a function definition
provided by either the implementation or a C++ program. Where no dis
tinction is explicitly made in the description, the behavior described
is the required behavior.
5 If an operation is required to be linear time, it means no worse than
linear time, and a constant time operation satisfies the requirement.
17.2.1.4 C Library [lib.structure.see.also]
1 Paragraphs labelled ``SEE ALSO:'' contain cross-references to the rel
evant portions of this Standard and the ISO C standard, which is
incorporated into this Standard by reference.
17.2.2 Other conventions [lib.conventions]
1 This subclause describes several editorial conventions used to
describe the contents of the C++ Standard library. These conventions
are for describing implementation-defined types
(_lib.type.descriptions_), and member functions
(_lib.functions.within.classes_).
17.2.2.1 Type descriptions [lib.type.descriptions]
1 The Requirements subclauses describe names that are used to specify
constraints on template arguments.6) These names are used in Clauses
_lib.containers_, _lib.algorithms_, and _lib.numerics_ to describe the
types that may be supplied as arguments by a C++ program when instan
tiating template components from the library.
2 Certain types defined in Clause _lib.input.output_ are used to
describe implementation-defined types. They are based on other types,
but with added constraints.
_________________________
6) Examples include: InputIterator, ForwardIterator, Function, Predi
cate, etc. See subclause _lib.iterator.requirements_.
17.2.2.1.1 Enumerated types [lib.enumerated.types]
1 Several types defined in Clause _lib.input.output_ are enumerated
types. Each enumerated type may be implemented as an enumeration or
as a synonym for an enumeration.7)
2 The enumerated type enumerated can be written:
enum enumerated { V0, V1, V2, V3, .....};
static const enumerated C0(V0);
static const enumerated C1(V1);
static const enumerated C2(V2);
static const enumerated C3(V3);
.....
3 Here, the names C0, C1, etc. represent enumerated elements for this
particular enumerated type. All such elements have distinct values.
17.2.2.1.2 Bitmask types [lib.bitmask.types]
1 Several types defined in Clause _lib.input.output_ are bitmask types.
Each bitmask type can be implemented as an enumerated type that over
loads certain operators, as an integer type, or as a bitset
(_lib.template.bitset_).
2 The bitmask type bitmask can be written:
enum bitmask {
V0 = 1 << 0, V1 = 1 << 1, V2 = 1 << 2, V3 = 1 << 3, .....
};
static const bitmask C0(V0);
static const bitmask C1(V1);
static const bitmask C2(V2);
static const bitmask C3(V3);
.....
bitmask& operator&=(bitmask& X, bitmask Y) { X = bitmask(X & Y); return X; }
bitmask& operator|=(bitmask& X, bitmask Y) { X = bitmask(X | Y); return X; }
bitmask& operator^=(bitmask& X, bitmask Y) { X = bitmask(X ^ Y); return X; }
bitmask operator& (bitmask X, bitmask Y) { return bitmask(X & Y); }
bitmask operator| (bitmask X, bitmask Y) { return bitmask(X | Y); }
bitmask operator^ (bitmask X, bitmask Y) { return bitmask(X ^ Y); }
bitmask operator~ (bitmask X) { return (bitmask)~X; }
3 Here, the names C0, C1, etc. represent bitmask elements for this par
ticular bitmask type. All such elements have distinct values such
that, for any pair Ci and Cj, Ci & Ci is nonzero and Ci & Cj is zero.
4 The following terms apply to objects and values of bitmask types:
_________________________
7) Such as an integer type, with constant integer values (_ba
sic.fundamental_).
--To set a value Y in an object X is to evaluate the expression X |=
Y.
--To clear a value Y in an object X is to evaluate the expression X &=
~Y.
--The value Y is set in the object X if the expression X & Y is
nonzero.
17.2.2.1.3 Character sequences [lib.character.seq]
1 The Standard C library makes widespread use of characters and charac
ter sequences that follow a few uniform conventions:
--A letter is any of the 26 lowercase or 26 uppercase letters in the
basic execution character set.8)
--The decimal-point character is the (single-byte) character used by
functions that convert between a (single-byte) character sequence
and a value of one of the floating-point types. It is used in the
character sequence to denote the beginning of a fractional part. It
is represented in Clauses _lib.language.support_ through
_lib.input.output_ by a period, '.', which is also its value in the
"C" locale, but may change during program execution by a call to
setlocale(int, const char*),9) or by a change to a locale object, as
described in Clauses _lib.locales_ and _lib.input.output_.
--A character sequence is an array object (_dcl.array_) A that can be
declared as T A[N], where T is any of the types char, unsigned char,
or signed char (_basic.fundamental_), optionally qualified by any
combination of const or volatile. The initial elements of the array
have defined contents up to and including an element determined by
some predicate. A character sequence can be designated by a pointer
value S that points to its first element.
17.2.2.1.3.1 Byte strings [lib.byte.strings]
1 A null-terminated byte string, or NTBS, is a character sequence whose
highest-addressed element with defined content has the value zero (the
terminating null character).10)
2 The length of an NTBS is the number of elements that precede the ter
minating null character. An empty NTBS has a length of zero.
_________________________
8) Note that this definition differs from the definition in ISO C sub
clause 7.1.1.
9) declared in <clocale> (_lib.c.locales_).
10) Many of the objects manipulated by function signatures declared in
<cstring> (_lib.c.strings_) are character sequences or NTBSs. The
size of some of these character sequences is limited by a length val
ue, maintained separately from the character sequence.
3 The value of an NTBS is the sequence of values of the elements up to
and including the terminating null character.
4 A static NTBS is an NTBS with static storage duration.11)
17.2.2.1.3.2 Multibyte strings [lib.multibyte.strings]
1 A null-terminated multibyte string, or NTMBS, is an NTBS that consti
tutes a sequence of valid multibyte characters, beginning and ending
in the initial shift state.12)
2 A static NTMBS is an NTMBS with static storage duration.
17.2.2.1.3.3 Wide-character sequences [lib.wide.characters]
1 A wide-character sequence is an array object (_dcl.array_) A that can
be declared as T A[N], where T is type wchar_t (_basic.fundmental_),
optionally qualified by any combination of const or volatile. The
initial elements of the array have defined contents up to and includ
ing an element determined by some predicate. A character sequence can
be designated by a pointer value S that designates its first element.
2 A null-terminated wide-character string, or NTWCS, is a wide-character
sequence whose highest-addressed element with defined content has the
value zero.13)
3 The length of an NTWCS is the number of elements that precede the ter
minating null wide character. An empty NTWCS has a length of zero.
4 The value of an NTWCS is the sequence of values of the elements up to
and including the terminating null character.
5 A static NTWCS is an NTWCS with static storage duration.14)
17.2.2.2 Functions within classes [lib.functions.within.classes]
1 For the sake of exposition, Clauses _lib.language.support_ through
_lib.input.output_ do not describe copy constructors, assignment oper
ators, or (non-virtual) destructors with the same apparent semantics
as those that can be generated by default (_class.ctor_, _class.dtor_,
_class.copy_).
2 It is unspecified whether the implementation provides explicit defini
tions for such member function signatures, or for virtual destructors
_________________________
11) A string literal, such as "abc", is a static NTBS.
12) An NTBS that contains characters only from the basic execution
character set is also an NTMBS. Each multibyte character then con
sists of a single byte.
13) Many of the objects manipulated by function signatures declared in
<cwchar> are wide-character sequences or NTWCSs.
14) A wide string literal, such as L"abc", is a static NTWCS.
that can be generated by default.
17.2.2.3 Private members [lib.objects.within.classes]
1 Clauses _lib.language.support_ through _lib.input.output_ do not spec
ify the representation of classes, and intentionally omit specifica
tion of class members (_class.mem_). An implementation may define
static or non-static class members, or both, as needed to implement
the semantics of the member functions specified in Clauses
_lib.language.support_ through _lib.input.output_.
2 Objects of certain classes are sometimes required by the external
specifications of their classes to store data, apparently in member
objects. For the sake of exposition, subclauses _lib.locale_,
_lib.template.bitset_, _lib.istreambuf.iterator_,
_lib.ostreambuf.iterator_, _lib.ios.base_, _lib.stringbuf_, and
_lib.filebuf_ provide representative declarations, and semantic
requirements, for private member objects of classes that meet the
external specifications of the classes. The declarations for such
member objects and the definitions of related member types are
enclosed in a comment that ends with exposition only, as in:
// streambuf* sb; exposition only
3 Any alternate implementation that provides equivalent external behav
ior is equally acceptable.
17.3 Library-wide requirements [lib.requirements]
1 This subclause specifies requirements that apply to the entire C++
Standard library. Clauses _lib.language.support_ through
_lib.input.output_ specify the requirements of individual entities
within the library.
2 The following subclauses describe the library's contents and organiza
tion (_lib.organization_), how well-formed C++ programs gain access to
library entities (_lib.using_), constraints on such programs
(_lib.constraints_), and constraints on conforming implementations
(_lib.conforming_).
17.3.1 Library contents and organization [lib.organization]
1 This subclause provides a summary of the entities defined in the C++
Standard library. Subclause _lib.contents_ provides an alphabetical
listing of entities by type, while subclause _lib.headers_ provides an
alphabetical listing of library headers.
17.3.1.1 Library contents [lib.contents]
1 The C++ Standard library provides definitions for the following types
of entities:
--Macros
--Values
--Types
--Templates
--Classes
--Functions
--Objects
2 All library entities shall be defined within the namespace std.
3 The C++ Standard library provides 54 standard macros from the C
library (_diff.library_).
4 The C++ Standard library provides 45 standard values from the C
library (_diff.library_).
5 The C++ Standard library provides 19 standard types from the C library
(_diff.library_), and 28 additional types, as shown in Table 2:
Table 2--Standard Types
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|filebuf ostringstream wfilebuf wstreambuf |
|ifstream streambuf wifstream wstreampos |
|ios streamoff wios wstring |
|istream streampos wistream wstringbuf |
|istringstream string wistringstream |
|new_handler stringbuf wofstream |
|ofstream terminate_handler wostream |
|ostream unexpected_handler wostringstream |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
6 The C++ Standard library provides 66 standard template classes, as
shown in Table 3:
Table 3--Standard Template classes
+-------------------------------------------------------+
|allocator mask_array |
|auto_ptr messages |
|back_insert_iterator messages_byname |
|basic_filebuf moneypunct |
|basic_ifstream moneypunct_byname |
|basic_ios money_get |
|basic_istream money_put |
|basic_istringstream multimap |
|basic_ofstream multiset |
|basic_ostream numeric_limits |
|basic_ostringstream numpunct |
|basic_streambuf num_get |
|basic_string num_put |
|basic_stringbuf ostreambuf_iterator |
|binary_negate ostream_iterator |
|binder1st pointer_to_binary_function |
|binder2nd pointer_to_unary_function |
|bitset priority_queue |
|codecvt queue |
|codecvt_byname raw_storage_iterator |
|collate reverse_bidirectional_iterator |
|collate_byname reverse_iterator |
|complex set |
|ctype slice_array |
|ctype_byname stack |
|deque time_get |
|front_insert_iterator time_get_byname |
|gslice_array time_put |
|indirect_array time_put_byname |
|insert_iterator unary_negate |
|istreambuf_iterator valarray |
|istream_iterator vector |
|list |
|map |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
7 The C++ Standard library provides 24 standard template structures, as
shown in Table 4:
Table 4--Standard Template structs
+---------------------------------------------------+
|binary_function less not_equal_to |
|divides less_equal pair |
|equal_to logical_and plus |
|greater logical_not string_char_traits |
|greater_equal logical_or times |
|iterator minus unary_function |
|iterator_trait modulus |
|ios_traits negate |
+---------------------------------------------------+
8 The C++ Standard library provides 86 standard template operator func
tions, as shown in Table 5.
9 Types shown (enclosed in ( and ) ) indicate that the given function is
overloaded by that type. Numbers shown (enclosed in [ and ] ) indi
cate how many overloaded functions are overloaded by that type.
Table 5--Standard Template operators
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|operator!= (basic_string) [5] operator<< (basic_string) |
|operator!= (complex) [3] operator<< (bitset) |
|operator!= (istreambuf_iterator) operator<< (complex) |
|operator!= (ostreambuf_iterator) operator<< (valarray) [3] |
|operator!= (T) operator<<=(valarray) [2] |
|operator!= (valarray) [3] operator<= (T) |
|operator% (valarray) [3] operator<= (valarray) [3] |
|operator%= (valarray) [2] operator== (basic_string) [5] |
|operator& (bitset) operator== (complex) [3] |
|operator& (valarray) [3] operator== (deque) |
|operator&& (valarray) [3] operator== (istreambuf_iterator) |
|operator&= (valarray) [2] operator== (istream_iterator) |
|operator* (complex) [3] operator== (list) |
|operator* (valarray) [3] operator== (map) |
|operator*= (complex) operator== (multimap) |
|operator*= (valarray) [2] operator== (multiset) |
|operator+ (basic_string) [5] operator== (ostreambuf_iterator) |
|operator+ (complex) [4] operator== (pair) |
|operator+ (reverse_iterator) operator== (queue) |
|operator+ (valarray) [3] operator== (restrictor) |
|operator+= (complex) operator== (reverse_bidir_iter) |
|operator+= (valarray) [2] operator== (reverse_iterator) |
|operator- (complex) [4] operator== (set) |
|operator- (reverse_iterator) operator== (stack) |
|operator- (valarray) [3] operator== (valarray) [3] |
|operator-= (complex) operator== (vector) |
|operator-= (valarray) [2] operator> (T) |
|operator/ (complex) [3] operator> (valarray) [3] |
|operator/ (valarray) [3] operator>= (T) |
|operator/= (complex) operator>= (valarray) [3] |
|operator/= (valarray) [2] operator>> (basic_string) |
|operator< (deque) operator>> (bitset) |
|operator< (list) operator>> (complex) |
|operator< (map) operator>> (valarray) [3] |
|operator< (multimap) operator>>=(valarray) [2] |
|operator< (multiset) operator^ (bitset) |
|operator< (pair) operator^ (valarray) [3] |
|operator< (queue) operator^= (valarray) [2] |
|operator< (restrictor) operator| (bitset) |
|operator< (reverse_iterator) operator| (valarray) [3] |
|operator< (set) operator|= (valarray) [2] |
|operator< (stack) operator|| (valarray) [3] |
|operator< (valarray) [3] |
|operator< (vector) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
10The C++ Standard library provides 144 standard template functions, as
shown in Table 6:
Table 6--Standard template functions
+-------------------------------------------------------+
|abs (complex) lower_bound [2] |
|abs (valarray) make_heap [2] |
|accumulate [2] make_pair |
|acos (complex) max [2] |
|acos (valarray) max_element [2] |
|adjacent_difference [2] merge [2] |
|adjacent_find [2] min [2] |
|advance min_element [2] |
|allocate mismatch [2] |
|arg (complex) next_permutation [2] |
|asin (complex) norm (complex) |
|asin (valarray) not1 |
|atan (complex) not2 |
|atan (valarray) nth_element [2] |
|atan2(complex) [3] partial_sort [2] |
|atan2(valarray) [3] partial_sort_copy [2] |
|back_inserter partial_sum [2] |
|binary_search [2] partition |
|bind1st polar(complex) |
|bind2nd pop_heap [2] |
|conj (complex) pow (complex) |
|construct pow (complex) [3] |
|copy pow (valarray) [3] |
|copy_backward prev_permutation [2] |
|cos (complex) ptr_fun [2] |
|cos (valarray) push_heap [2] |
|cosh (complex) random_shuffle [2] |
|cosh (valarray) real (complex) |
|count remove |
|count_if remove_copy |
|deallocate remove_copy_if |
|destroy [2] remove_if |
|distance replace |
|equal [2] replace_copy |
|equal_range [2] replace_copy_if |
|exp (complex) replace_if |
|exp (valarray) reverse |
|fill reverse_copy |
|fill_n rotate |
|find rotate_copy |
|find_end [4] search [4] |
|find_first_of [2] set_difference [2] |
|find_if set_intersection [2] |
|for_each set_symmetric_difference [2] |
|front_inserter set_union [2] |
+-------------------------------------------------------+
+---------------------------------------------------+
|generate sin (complex) |
|generate_n sin (valarray) |
|getline sinh (complex) |
|get_temporary_buffer sinh (valarray) |
|imag (complex) sort [2] |
|includes [2] sort_heap [2] |
|inner_product [2] sqrt (complex) |
|inplace_merge [2] sqrt (valarray) |
|inserter stable_partition |
|isalnum stable_sort [2] |
|isalpha swap |
|iscntrl swap_ranges |
|isdigit tan (complex) |
|isgraph tan (valarray) |
|islower tanh (complex) |
|isprint tanh (valarray) |
|ispunct tolower |
|isspace toupper |
|isupper transform [2] |
|isxdigit uninitialized_copy |
|lexicographical_compare [2] uninitialized_fill |
|log (complex) uninitialized_fill_n |
|log (valarray) unique [2] |
|log10(complex) unique_copy [2] |
|log10(valarray) upper_bound [2] |
+---------------------------------------------------+
11The C++ Standard library provides 28 standard classes, as shown in
Table 7.
12Type names (enclosed in < and > ) indicate that these are specific
instances of templates.
Table 7--Standard Classes
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
|bad_alloc ctype_byname<char> logic_error |
|bad_cast domain_error out_of_range |
|bad_exception exception overflow_error |
|bad_typeid gslice range_error |
|basic_string<char> invalid_argument runtime_error |
|basic_string<wchar_t> ios_base slice |
|complex<double> length_error type_info |
|complex<float> locale underflow_error |
|complex<long double> locale::facet vector<bool,allocator> |
|ctype<char> locale::id |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
13The C++ Standard library provides 2 standard structures from the C
library (_diff.library_), and 16 additional structures, as shown in
Table 8:
Table 8--Standard Structs
+---------------------------------------------------------+
|bidirectional_iterator_tag money_base::pattern |
|codecvt_base nothrow_t |
|ctype_base output_iterator_tag |
|forward_iterator_tag random_access_iterator_tag |
|input_iterator_tag string_char_traits<char> |
|ios_traits<char> string_char_traits<wchar_t> |
|ios_traits<wchar_t> time_base |
|money_base |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
14The C++ Standard library provides 12 standard operator functions, as
shown in Table 9:
Table 9--Standard Operator functions
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|operator delete operator new[] (void*) |
|operator delete[] operator< (vector<bool,allocator>) |
|operator new operator<< (locale) |
|operator new (nothrow_t) operator== (vector<bool,allocator>) |
|operator new (void*) operator>> (locale) |
|operator new[] |
|operator new[] (nothrow_t) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
15The C++ Standard library provides 208 standard functions from the C
library (_diff.library_), and 78 additional functions, as shown in
Table 10:
Table 10--Standard Functions
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
|abs (float) mod (long double) |
|abs (long double) modf (float,float*) |
|abs (long) modf (long double,long double*) |
|acos (float) noshowbase |
|acos (long double) noshowpoint |
|asin (float) noshowpos |
|asin (long double) noskipws |
|atan (float) nouppercase |
|atan (long double) oct |
|atan2(float,float) pow (float) [2] |
|atan2(long double,long double) pow (long double) [2] |
|ceil (float) resetiosflags |
|ceil (long double) right |
|cos (float) scientific |
|cos (long double) setbase |
|cosh (float) setfill |
|cosh (long double) setiosflags |
|dec setprecision |
|div (long,long) setw |
|endl set_new_handler |
|ends set_terminate |
|exp (float) set_unexpected |
|exp (long double) showbase |
|fixed showpoint |
|floor(float) showpos |
|floor(long double) sin (float) |
|flush sin (long double) |
|frexp(float,int*) sinh (float) |
|frexp(long double,int*) sinh (long double) |
|hex skipws |
|internal tan (float) |
|ldexp(float,int) tan (long double) |
|ldexp(long double,int) tanh (float) |
|left tanh (long double) |
|log (float) terminate |
|log (long double) unexpected |
|log10(float) uppercase |
|log10(long double) ws |
|mod (float) |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
16The C++ Standard library provides 8 standard objects, as shown in
Table 11:
Table 11--Standard Objects
+-------------------------+
|cerr cin clog cout |
|werr win wlog wout |
+-------------------------+
17.3.1.2 Headers [lib.headers]
1 The elements of the C++ Standard library are declared or defined (as
appropriate) in a header.15)
2 The C++ Standard library provides 32 C++ headers, as shown in Table
12:
Table 12--C++ Library Headers
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|<algorithm> <iomanip> <limits> <ostream> <typeinfo> |
|<bitset> <iomanip.h> <list> <queue> <utility> |
|<complex> <ios> <locale> <set> <valarray> |
|<deque> <iosfwd> <map> <sstream> <vector> |
|<exception> <iostream> <memory> <stack> |
|<fstream> <iostream.h> <new> <stdexcept> |
|<fstream.h> <istream> <new.h> <streambuf> |
|<functional> <iterator> <numeric> <string> |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
3 The facilities of the Standard C Library are provided in 17 additional
headers, as shown in Table 13:
Table 13--C++ Headers for C Library Facilities
+-------------------------------------------------+
|<cassert> <csetjmp> <cstdio> <cwchar> <cctype> |
|<climits> <csignal> <cstdlib> <cwctype> <cerrno> |
|<clocale> <cstdarg> <cstring> <cfloat> <cmath> |
|<cstddef> <ctime> |
+-------------------------------------------------+
_________________________
15) A header is not necessarily a source file, nor are the sequences
delimited by < and > in header names necessarily valid source file
names (_cpp.include_).
4 Except as noted in Clauses _lib.language.support_ through
_lib.input.output_, the contents of each header cname shall be the
same as that of the corresponding header name.h, as specified in ISO C
(Clause 7), or Amendment 1, (Clause 7), as appropriate. In this C++
Standard library, however, the declarations and definitions from ISO C
(Clause 7), or Amendment 1, (Clause 7) are within namespace scope
(_basic.scope.namespace_) of the namespace std.
5 Subclause _depr.c.headers_, Standard C library headers, describes the
effects of using the name.h (C header) form in a C++ program.16)
17.3.1.3 Freestanding implementations [lib.compliance]
1 Two kinds of implementations are defined: hosted and freestanding
(_intro.compliance_). For a hosted implementation, this International
Standard describes the set of available headers.
2 A freestanding implementation has has an implementation-defined set of
headers. This set shall include at least the following headers, as
shown in Table 14:
Table 14--C++ Headers for Freestanding Implementations
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Subclause Header(s) |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.support.types_ Types <cstddef> |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.support.limits_ Implementation properties <limits> |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.support.start.term_ Start and termination <cstdlib> |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.support.dynamic_ Dynamic memory management <new> |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.support.rtti_ Type identification <typeinfo> |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.support.exception_ Exception handling <exception> |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.support.runtime_ Other runtime support <cstdarg> |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
3 The supplied version of the header <cstdlib> shall declare at least
the functions abort(), atexit(), and exit()
(_lib.support.start.term_).
_________________________
16) The ".h" headers dump all their names into the global namespace,
whereas the newer forms keep their names in namespace std. Therefore,
the newer forms are the preferred forms for all uses except for C++
programs which are intended to be strictly compatible with C.
17.3.2 Using the library [lib.using]
1 This subclause describes how a C++ program gains access to the facili
ties of the C++ Standard library. Subclause _lib.using.headers_
describes effects during translation phase 4, while subclause
_lib.using.linkage_ describes effects during phase 8 (_lex.phases_).
17.3.2.1 Headers [lib.using.headers]
1 The entities in the C++ Standard library are defined in headers, whose
contents are made available to a translation unit when it contains the
appropriate #include preprocessing directive (_cpp.include_).
2 A translation unit may include library headers in any order (_lex_).
Each may be included more than once, with no effect different from
being included exactly once, except that the effect of including
either <cassert> or <assert.h> depends each time on the lexically cur
rent definition of NDEBUG.17)
3 A translation unit shall include a header only outside of any external
declaration or definition, and shall include the header lexically
before the first reference to any of the entities it declares or first
defines in that translation unit.
17.3.2.2 Linkage [lib.using.linkage]
1 Entities in the C++ Standard library have external linkage
(_basic.link_). Unless otherwise specified, objects and functions
have the default extern "C++" linkage (_dcl.link_).
2 It is unspecified whether a name from the Standard C library declared
with external linkage has either extern "C" or extern "C++"
linkage.18)
3 Objects and functions defined in the library and required by a C++
program are included in the program prior to program startup.
SEE ALSO: replacement functions (_lib.replacement.functions_), run-
time changes (_lib.handler.functions_).
17.3.3 Constraints on programs [lib.constraints]
1 This subclause describes restrictions on C++ programs that use the
facilities of the C++ Standard library. The following subclauses
specify constraints on the program's namespace (_lib.reserved.names_),
its use of headers (_lib.alt.headers_), classes derived from standard
_________________________
17) This is the same as the Standard C library.
18) The only reliable way to declare an object or function signature
from the Standard C library is by including the header that declares
it, notwithstanding the latitude granted in subclause 7.1.7 of the C
Standard.
library classes (_lib.derived.classes_), definitions of replacement
functions (_lib.replacement.functions_), and installation of handler
functions during execution (_lib.handler.functions_).
17.3.3.1 Reserved names [lib.reserved.names]
1 It is undefined for a C++ program to add declarations or definitions
to namespace std unless otherwise specified. A program may add tem
plate specializations for any standard library template to namespace
std. Such a specialization (complete or partial) of a standard
library template results in undefined behaviour unless the declaration
depends on a user-defined name of external linkage and unless the spe
cialization meets the standard library requirements for the original
template.19)
2 The C++ Standard library reserves the following kinds of names:
--Macros
--Global names
--Names with external linkage
3 If the program declares or defines a name in a context where it is
reserved, other than as explicitly allowed by this clause, the behav
ior is undefined.
17.3.3.1.1 Macro names [lib.macro.names]
1 Each name defined as a macro in a header is reserved to the implemen
tation for any use if the translation unit includes the header.20)
2 A translation unit that includes a header shall not contain any macros
that define names declared or defined in that header. Nor shall such
a translation unit define macros for names lexically identical to key
words.
17.3.3.1.2 Global names [lib.global.names]
1 Certain sets of names and function signatures are always reserved to
the implementation:
--Each name that begins with an underscore and either an uppercase
letter or another underscore (_lex.key_) is reserved to the imple
mentation for any use.
_________________________
19) Any library code that instantiates other library templates must be
prepared to work adequately with any user-supplied specialization that
meets the minimum requirements of the Standard.
20) It is not permissible to remove a library macro definition by us
ing the #undef directive.
--Each name that begins with an underscore is reserved to the imple
mentation for use as a name with file scope or within the namespace
std in the ordinary name space.
17.3.3.1.3 External linkage [lib.extern.names]
1 Each name declared as an object with external linkage in a header is
reserved to the implementation to designate that library object with
external linkage.21)
2 Each global function signature declared with external linkage in a
header is reserved to the implementation to designate that function
signature with external linkage.22)
3 Each name having two consecutive underscores (_lex.key_) is reserved
to the implementation for use as a name with both extern "C" and
extern "C++" linkage.
4 Each name from the Standard C library declared with external linkage
is reserved to the implementation for use as a name with extern "C"
linkage.
5 Each function signature from the Standard C library declared with
external linkage is reserved to the implementation for use as a func
tion signature with both extern "C" and extern "C++" linkage.23)
17.3.3.2 Headers [lib.alt.headers]
1 If a file with a name equivalent to the derived file name for one of
the C++ Standard library headers is not provided as part of the imple
mentation, and a file with that name is placed in any of the standard
places for a source file to be included (_cpp.include_), the behavior
is undefined.
17.3.3.3 Derived classes [lib.derived.classes]
1 Virtual member function signatures defined for a base class in the C++
Standard library may be overridden in a derived class defined in the
program (_class.virtual_).
_________________________
21) The list of such reserved names includes errno, declared or de
fined in <cerrno>.
22) The list of such reserved function signatures with external link
age includes setjmp(jmp_buf), declared or defined in <csetjmp>, and
va_end(va_list), declared or defined in <cstdarg>.
23) The function signatures declared in <cwchar> and <cwctype> are al
ways reserved, notwithstanding the restrictions imposed in subclause
4.5.1 of Amendment 1 to the C Standard for these headers.
17.3.3.4 Replacement functions [lib.replacement.functions]
1 Clauses _lib.language.support_ through _lib.input.output_ describe the
behavior of numerous functions defined by the C++ Standard library.
Under some circumstances, however, certain of these function descrip
tions also apply to replacement functions defined in the program
(_lib.definitions_).
2 A C++ program may provide the definition for any of eight (8) dynamic
memory allocation function signatures declared in header <new>
(_basic.stc.dynamic_, _lib.language.support_):
--operator new(size_t)
--operator new(size_t,std::nothrow_t&)
--operator new[](size_t)
--operator new[](size_t,std::nothrow_t&)
--operator delete(void*)
--operator delete(void*,std::nothrow_t&)
--operator delete[](void*)
--operator delete[](void*,std::nothrow_t&)
3 The program's definitions are used instead of the default versions
supplied by the implementation (_dcl.fct.def_). Such replacement
occurs prior to program startup (_basic.def.odr_, _basic.start_).
17.3.3.5 Handler functions [lib.handler.functions]
1 The C++ Standard library provides default versions of the three han
dler functions (_lib.language.support_):
--new_handler
--unexpected_handler
--terminate_handler
2 A C++ program may install different handler functions during execu
tion, by supplying a pointer to a function defined in the program or
the library as an argument to (respectively):
--set_new_handler
--set_unexpected
--set_terminate
SEE ALSO: subclauses _lib.alloc.errors_, Storage allocation errors,
and _lib.support.exception_, Exception handling.
17.3.3.6 Other functions [lib.res.on.functions]
1 In certain cases (replacement functions, handler functions, operations
on types used to instantiate standard library template components),
the C++ Standard library depends on components supplied by a C++ pro
gram. If these components do not meet their requirements, the Stan
dard places no requirements on the implementation.
2 In particular, the effects are undefined in the following cases:
--for replacement functions (_lib.new.delete_), if the installed han
dler function does not implement the semantics of the applicable
Required behavior paragraph.
--for handler functions (_lib.new.handler_, _lib.terminate.handler_,
_lib.unexpected.handler_), if the installed handler function does
not implement the semantics of the applicable Required behavior
paragraph
--for types used as template arguments when instantiating a template
component, if the operations on the type do not implement the seman
tics of the applicable Requirements subclause
(_lib.allocator.requirements_, _lib.container.requirements_,
_lib.iterator.requirements_, _lib.numeric.requirements_).
--if any of these functions or operations throws an exception, unless
specifically allowed in the applicable Required behavior paragraph.
17.3.3.7 Function arguments [lib.res.on.arguments]
1 Each of the following statements applies to all arguments to functions
defined in the C++ Standard library, unless explicitly stated other
wise.
--If an argument to a function has an invalid value (such as a value
outside the domain of the function, or a pointer invalid for its
intended use), the behavior is undefined.
--If a function argument is described as being an array, the pointer
actually passed to the function shall have a value such that all
address computations and accesses to objects (that would be valid if
the pointer did point to the first element of such an array) are in
fact valid.
17.3.3.8 Required paragraph [lib.res.on.required]
1 Violation of the preconditions specified in a function's Required
behavior paragraph results in undefined behavior unless the function's
Throws paragraph specifies throwing an exception when the precondition
is violated.
17.3.4 Conforming implementations [lib.conforming]
1 This subclause describes the constraints upon, and latitude of, imple
mentations of the C++ Standard library. The following subclauses
describe an implementation's use of headers (_lib.res.on.headers_),
macros (_lib.res.on.macro.definitions_), global functions
(_lib.global.functions_), member functions (_lib.member.functions_),
reentrancy (_lib.reentrancy_), access specifiers
(_lib.protection.within.classes_), class derivation
(_lib.derivation_), and exceptions (_lib.res.on.exception.handling_).
17.3.4.1 Headers [lib.res.on.headers]
1 Certain types and macros are defined in more than one header. For
such an entity, a second or subsequent header that also defines it may
be included after the header that provides its initial definition
(_basic.def.odr_).
2 Header inclusion is limited as follows:
--The C headers ( .h form, described in Annex D, _depr.c.headers_)
shall include only their corresponding C++ header, as described
above (_lib.headers_).
--The C++ headers listed in Table 21, C++ Library Headers, shall
include the header(s) listed in their respective Synopsis subclause
(_lib.support.dynamic_, _lib.support.rtti_, _lib.support.exception_,
_lib.std.exceptions_, _lib.utility_, _lib.function.objects_,
_lib.memory_, _lib.string.classes_, _lib.locales_, _lib.sequences_,
_lib.iterators_, _lib.algorithms_, _lib.complex.numbers_,
_lib.numarray_, _lib.iostream.objects_, _lib.iostreams.base_,
_lib.stream.buffers_, _lib.iostream.format_, _lib.string.streams_,
_lib.fstreams_).24)
+------- BEGIN BOX 1 -------+
The header dependencies documented in this draft probably still con
tain errors. Worse, implementers may be overly constrained if they
must restrict header inclusion only to the overt dependencies docu
mented here. The Committee is actively exploring rules for header
inclusion that are kinder to both users and implementers.
+------- END BOX 1 -------+
17.3.4.2 Restrictions on macro [lib.res.on.macro.definitions]
definitions
1 The names or global function signatures described in subclause
_lib.contents_ are reserved to the implementation.25)
_________________________
24) C++ headers must include a C++ header that contains any needed
definition (_basic.def.odr_).
25) The C Standard, in 7.1.7, allows a library function to be addi
tionally implemented as a macro for efficiency, a so-called masking
2 All object-like macros defined by the Standard C library and described
in this clause as expanding to integral constant expressions are also
suitable for use in #if preprocessing directives, unless explicitly
stated otherwise.
17.3.4.3 Global functions [lib.global.functions]
1 It is unspecified whether any global functions in the C++ Standard
library are defined as inline (_dcl.fct.spec_).
2 A call to a global function signature described in Clauses
_lib.language.support_ through _lib.input.output_ behaves the same as
if the implementation declares no additional global function
signatures.26)
3 A global function cannot be declared by the implementation as taking
additional default arguments.
17.3.4.4 Member functions [lib.member.functions]
1 It is unspecified whether any member functions in the C++ Standard
library are defined as inline (_dcl.fct.spec_).
2 An implementation can declare additional non-virtual member function
signatures within a class:
--by adding arguments with default values to a member function
signature;27) The same latitude does not extend to the implementa
tion of virtual or global functions, however.
--by replacing a member function signature with default values by two
or more member function signatures with equivalent behavior;
--by adding a member function signature for a member function name.
3 A call to a member function signature described in the C++ Standard
library behaves the same as if the implementation declares no addi
tional member function signatures.28)
_________________________
macro. A typical example is putchar(). This is disallowed in C++.
The use of a masking macro can often be replaced by defining the func
tion signature as inline.
26) A valid C++ program always calls the expected library global func
tion. An implementation may also define additional global functions
that would otherwise not be called by a valid C++ program.
27) Hence, taking the address of a member function has an unspecified
type.
28) A valid C++ program always calls the expected library member func
tion, or one with equivalent behavior. An implementation may also de
fine additional member functions that would otherwise not be called by
a valid C++ program.
17.3.4.5 Reentrancy [lib.reentrancy]
1 Which of the functions in the C++ Standard Library are not reentrant
subroutines is implementation-defined.
17.3.4.6 Protection within [lib.protection.within.classes]
classes
1 It is unspecified whether a function signature or class described in
Clauses _lib.language.support_ through _lib.input.output_ is a friend
of another class in the C++ Standard Library.
17.3.4.7 Derived classes [lib.derivation]
1 Certain classes defined in the C++ Standard Library are derived from
other classes in the C++ Standard library:
--It is unspecified whether a class in the C++ Standard Library as a
base class is itself derived from other base classes (with names
reserved to the implementation).
--It is unspecified whether a class described in the C++ Standard
Library as derived from another class is derived from that class
directly, or through other classes (with names reserved to the
implementation) that are derived from the specified base class.
2 In any case:
--A base class described as virtual is always virtual;
--A base class described as non-virtual is never virtual;
--Unless explicitly stated otherwise, types with distinct names are
distinct types.29)
17.3.4.8 Restrictions on [lib.res.on.exception.handling]
exception handling
1 Any of the functions defined in the C++ Standard library can report a
failure by throwing an exception of the type(s) described in their
Throws: paragraph and/or their exception-specification
(_except.spec_). An implementation may strengthen the exception-
specification for a function by removing listed exceptions.30)
_________________________
29) An implicit exception to this rule are types described as synonyms
for basic integral types, such as size_t (_lib.support.types_) and
streamoff (_lib.stream.types_).
30) That is, an implementation of the function will have an explicit
exception-specification that lists fewer exceptions than those speci
fied in this International Standard. It may not, however, change the
types of exceptions listed in the exception-specficiation from those
specified, nor add others.
2 None of the functions from the Standard C library shall report an
error by throwing an exception,31) unless it calls a program-supplied
function that throws an exception.32)
3 Any of the functions defined in the C++ Standard library that do not
have an exception-specification may throw any exception.33) An imple
mentation may strengthen this implicit exception-specification by
adding an explicit one.34)
_________________________
31) That is, the C library functions all have a throw() exception-
specification. This allows implementations to make performance opti
mizations based on the absence of exceptions at runtime.
32) The functions qsort() and bsearch() (_lib.alg.c.library_) meet
this condition.
33) In particular, they can report a failure to allocate storage by
throwing an exception of type bad_alloc, or a class derived from
bad_alloc (_lib.bad.alloc_).
34) That is, an implementation may provide an explicit exception-
specification that defines the subset of ``any'' exceptions thrown by
that function. This implies that the implementation may list imple
mentation-defined types in such an exception-specification.