User's Guide to ISO/IEC 15445:1999 HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
User's Guide to ISO/IEC 15445:1999 HyperText Markup Language (HTML)Le Guide de l'Utilisateur de l'ISO/CEI 15445:1999 Langage de balisage d'hypertexte (HTML) n'est pas encore disponible en français.
Other translations may become available.
In November 1996 we were authorized to act as the project editors of the ISO/IEC International Standard 15445:1999 for HTML, informally known as "ISO-HTML". The formal specification that we developed is intended for SGML experts who are familiar with the SGML family of International Standards, and as such is challenging to read. However we wanted the standard to be accessible to readers who do not spend their time working on SGML standards. This User's Guide is intended to encourage and assist people wishing to develop high quality IT applications on the World Wide Web and set high standards of document design and management. We assume a familiarity with the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 and the HTML 4.0 Specification Errata, but the reader is not expected to be an expert in SGML.
We have received help and encouragement from many people during the development of the International Standard and this User's Guide. Many members of the IETF HTML Working Group commented on the early strawman which led to the formal introduction of the ISO-HTML project. We also received assistance from the staff of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and from people in W3C member organizations. We have worked in close cooperation with the W3C Working Group which developed the HTML 4.0 Recommendation, and at the invitation of the W3C, we have taken the HTML 4.0 Recommendation as a referenced text. The ISO/IEC Working Group responsible for the SGML family of standards have provided us with direction, and encouraged and supported our close liaison with the W3C. We have also received help directly from members of National Bodies and from members of the public commenting in general mailing lists. A special word of thanks and appreciation is due to Dave Raggett who accepted an invitation to act as Invited Expert at the Dublin meeting held in July 1997 which established the principle of technically harmonized text, and made ISO-HTML a true subset of the HTML 4.0 strict specification.
This is not a formal document, neither is it intended as a reference specification, and it is not appropriate to cite it as such. However, if you the reader find it useful, then we will have met our objectives.
David M. Abrahamson
Trinity College Dublin.
david@cs.tcd.ie
Roger Price
University of Massachusetts Lowell.
rprice@cs.uml.edu
Copyright © 1999 Roger Price, David Abrahamson. All Rights Reserved.
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This document describes ISO/IEC 15445:1999 which is subject to IETF, W3C (MIT, Inria, Keio) and ISO/IEC copyright. Because the U.S. Department of Energy, has supported the development of International Standards by JTC1/SC34 (under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400), it makes the following assertion about the International Standard:
The U.S. Government retains a paid-up, nonexclusive, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of these documents, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes.
The ISO-HTML language is an application of the International Standard ISO 8879 -- Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). It provides a simple way of structuring hypertext documents and of placing references in one document which point to another. These references, called "links", may be presented to readers of a document in such a way that a simple "click" summons the other document, which is then presented to the reader. The reader has the impression of moving from one document to another. This simple user interface has been wildly successful and as a result the World Wide Web, the "web", has become extremely popular.
In the frenzy of the growth, much of the discipline and good practice of the mature SGML world has been lost, and browser developers have added additional features to the markup language such as new tags and new semantics for tags. As a result, many documents have been created which can only be rendered faithfully on a limited number of browsers. Common web practice is to hide any syntactic problems detected by the browsers and thus the reader is not aware that a page being browsed is not always faithful to the original authored document.
The International Standard was developed in an effort to ensure that it will remain possible for an author to produce simple hypertext for the web and be confident that a conforming browser will be able to render the document faithfully. ISO/IEC 15445 represents a core of the language to be supported by all conforming browsers, authoring and validating systems.
The language defined by the International Standard is a refinement of the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 after correction by the HTML 4.0 Specification Errata and provides additional specifications for the use of that document.
NOTE: Throughout this User's Guide, whenever we refer to the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 we imply that the corrections listed in the HTML 4.0 Specification Errata have been applied.
All documents conforming to the International Standard also conform to the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0. ISO-HTML omits all deprecated features of the language, features whose role is purely cosmetic, and features which are still unstable or immature. This has been done in preparation for the expected wide adoption of style sheets by authors and browser manufacturers. Certain optional facilities such as markup omission of the document and other major elements have been removed to produce more robust texts in keeping with recognized good SGML practice. This does not reduce in any way the expressive power of the language.
The conformance statements in the International Standard distinguish between a conforming system and a validating system. Conforming systems behave correctly when processing conforming documents, but are not required to handle errors. Validating systems are required to identify all SGML and ISO-HTML errors, and must be able to certify that a document is valid ISO-HTML. Commercial browsers are usually conforming systems, whereas authoring tools check for validity.
NOTE: A conforming system is not sufficient to validate an ISO-HTML document. A validation system is required.
The International Standard does not define any error handling for user agents: It emphasises validation at source rather than error handling at the destination.
A minimal ISO-HTML document has the form:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HTML//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>Les unités de base</TITLE>
... other head elements ...
</HEAD> <BODY>
... document body ...
</BODY> </HTML>
This User's Guide follows the convention of presenting element and attribute names in upper case, although there is no formal requirement for the practice.
In order to support world wide use of the markup language, the internationalization facilities specified by the IETF in RFC2070 have been included in the International Standard. It is recognised that full compliance to RFC2070 will be progressive and the conformance clause allows for progressive compliance to the use of ISO 10646.
To facilitate the use of this User's Guide, frequent references are provided to the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0. These take two forms: hyperlinks to the W3C's electronic sources, and clause number references to the W3C's printed version of their specification in the style [W3C 12.3].
Both the International Standard and this User's Guide were prepared using ISO 8879 based technology. The source files were marked up using the Pre-HTML DTD specified in this User's Guide and then transformed to conforming instances of ISO/IEC 15445 using the technique described in the chapter "Document preparation".
The scope of ISO/IEC 15445 is specified by listing the clauses of the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 which are to be refined by ISO-HTML:
<BIG> [W3C 15.2.1],
<SMALL> [W3C 15.2.1], <STRIKE> [W3C 15.2.1], <S> [W3C 15.2.1] and <U> [W3C 15.2.1] element [type]s. The scope excludes any material in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 not listed in the scope clause. It also excludes any standardization of models, services, systems, protocols or applications which are likely to make use of the ISO-HTML language. ISO-HTML does not define the "look and feel" of any conforming product, and provides only sufficient semantics to allow a reader who is familiar with the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 to have an intuitive idea of the requirement.
The International Standard makes a very important distinction between validating systems and conforming systems.
A validating system is one that is able to verify that the document it is processing contains correct HTML. If the document is correct, the validator certifies it as such; if not, the validator identifies the errors. The notion of validation is currently poorly defined on the World Wide Web and many authors assume wrongly that their browser may be used to check out the pages they write.
I tried it with my browser and it worked!
is an all too common mistake, and is the source of many errors and broken pages.
ISO-HTML insists that a validator requires an SGML parser since ISO-HTML makes full use of the underlying SGML language. Conforming systems do not require an SGML parser since they merely promise to operate correctly provided that the documents they process are already validated as conforming to ISO-HTML.
NOTE: It is possible for a system that is simply "conforming" to identify many errors in an invalid document, and notification of such errors could be of value to a user, but it is not "validating" unless it can detect all errors.
To be a conforming document, documents are required to conform to the requirements of the International Standard and to have the following structure:
<HTML> [W3C 7.3] document
element.White space consists of the SGML-defined characters RS (record start), RE (record end), SEPCHAR (tab) and SPACE [8879 9.2.1 figure 2], and ISO-HTML comments.
To be classified as a validating system, a system must contain a validating SGML parser as defined by ISO 8879:1986 subclause 15.4, ie. it must:
NOTE: This requires more than a validating SGML parser is able to offer, nevertheless a validation by an SGML parser is an essential first step. Some of the ISO-HTML errors a validating system are required to detect cannot be detected by an SGML parser, and require further processing.
Validating systems are required by ISO-HTML to display a text identifying them clearly as validating systems. The standard calls for the text to be displayed prominently in the front of publications, on program displays (presumably the introductory page, not all pages), and in promotional and training material. The identification is to be in the same language as the system documentation.
NOTE: Neither the ISO nor the IEC provide a certification service, nor do they provide an icon to indentify validating or conforming systems. The ISO and IEC icons are copyrighted and cannot be used without the permission of those organisations. The International Standard gives permission to use the identification text but not the icon.
The ISO-HTML validating system identification text is:
An HTML validating system conforming to International Standard ISO/IEC 15445--HyperText Markup Language, and International Standard ISO 8879--Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML).
A conforming ISO-HTML system is an ISO-HTML system which is able to process all conforming ISO-HTML documents.
NOTE: The International Standard says nothing about error handling or the processing of non-conforming documents. The basic creed is that in a high quality web application, all documents are validated as conforming before publication, and that conforming documents are sent to conforming user agents to obtain correct results.
The International Standard specifies the documentation of conforming systems in much the same way as validating systems. The only difference is the identifying text itself which becomes:
An HTML system conforming to International Standard ISO/IEC 15445--HyperText Markup Language.
It is important that the documentation not claim or suggest that a conforming system may be used to validate ISO-HTML documents.
The SGML declaration provided with the International Standard requires use of ISO/IEC
10646 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS). ISO/IEC
10646 is potentially very large and although the described character
set portion identified by the DESCSET keyword [8879
13.1.1.2] calls for the whole character set, the International Standard does not
require that it is fully implemented in any user agent. Only limited
conformance to ISO/IEC 10646 as defined by the International Standard is practical.
NOTE: The high number in the last line of the DESCSET
described character set portion of the SGML declaration should be read
as a requirement on user agents and their parsers in both validating
and conforming systems not to limit the character set that may be used
for documents.
Limited conformance means that:
NOTE: The International Standard does not say how the problem is to be explained. This is left entirely to the implementor to decide. Neither does the International Standard discuss any negotiation that might be done, or the operation of the HTTP protocol.
The International Standard warns that the UTF-1 transformation format registered by IANA as ISO-10646-UTF-1, has been removed from the ISO/IEC 10646 and should not be used.
NOTE: The initial specification of the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 did not automatically make reference to the latest version of ISO/IEC 10646, as would an ISO/IEC standard. As a result, recently defined characters such as the Euro which has position hexadecimal 20AC (decimal 8364) were not initially available. This situation is being addressed by the W3C. The required correction is to be posted in the HTML 4.0 Specification Errata.
The International Standard refers normatively to some of the clauses and subclauses of the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 as corrected by the HTML 4.0 Specification Errata. The full list is given in the scope clause of the International Standard.
NOTE: The W3C Recommendation consists of the current version corrected by the errata. The W3C HTML 4.0 Specification Errata are normative corrections to the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0. Although some or all of the errata may be included in the current version, the Recommendation to which the International Standard refers contains all the errata.
NOTE: In an ISO/IEC specification, a normative reference has the effect of including all the provisions of the referenced text into the referencing text. The W3C Recommendation itself contains normative references, but it is implicit that the effect is not one of "total normative inclusion". The W3C normative references appear to be closer in spirit to ISO/IEC informative references defining good practice, and we recommend that they should be treated as such.
The International Standard also refers normatively to ISO/IEC 10744 HyTime which provides the techniques which allow ISO-HTML to satisfy the requirement that it could used as a base architecture for other SGML applications.
All the definitions of SGML are incorporated into ISO-HTML. The International Standard also provides definitions for a number of familiar terms such as "browser" and "user agent", and repeats the definitions of character, character encoding scheme, character repertoire, code position, coded character set, form data set and fragment identifier given in RFC1866. The definition of CRLF is taken from RFC1521.
The multiple definitions and techniques for the representation of characters may be the source of confusion. The following figure shows some of the ideas involved. It is based on the character set defined by ISO 8859-1:1987 "8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets", Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1.
Figure 1: Illustration of some character representation definitions.
The International Standard provides the meaning of acronyms such as HTML, HTTP, WWW and URL which should be familiar to readers of the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0.
The International Standard states the requirements it had to meet in terms of the relationship between ISO-HTML and SGML and the need for ISO-HTML to be viewable with browsers which conform to the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0.
The underlying requirements were to:
id
attribute rather than the name attribute. This allows an SGML
parser to check that the value is unique.
<FONT> [W3C 15.2.2] and attributes such
as BGCOLOR which provide style rather than structure.Throughout this User's Guide, references to the printed version of the referenced text are given in the abbreviated style [W3C 12.3].
ISO 8879 distinguishes between element type [8879 11.2.1] and element [8879 7.3], which is an instance of the type, whereas the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 uses the term "element" for both element and element type. This guide follows the ISO practice, and when quoting from the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 inserts the missing word in square brackets when it is needed, eg. [type].
While the syntax of ISO-HTML is defined by the DTD provided by the International Standard, the semantics of the following element types are defined normatively in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0:
<ABBR> [W3C 9.2.1]--Abbreviation<ACRONYM> [W3C 9.2.1]--Acronym<B> [W3C 15.2.1]--Bold character style<BDO> [W3C 8.2.4]--Bidirectional override<BR> [W3C 9.3.2]--Line break<CAPTION> [W3C 11.2.2]--Table caption<CITE> [W3C 9.2.1]--Citation<CODE> [W3C 9.2.1]--Program code<DD> [W3C 10.3]--Definition data<DEL> [W3C 9.4]--Deleted material<DFN> [W3C 9.2.1]--Defining instance<DIV> [W3C 7.5.4]--Document division<DL> [W3C 10.3]--Definition list<DT> [W3C 10.3]--Definition term<EM> [W3C 9.2.1]--Emphasized text<FIELDSET> [W3C 17.10]--Group of form items<FORM> [W3C 17.3]--Forms<HR> [W3C 15.3]--Horizontal rule<I> [W3C 15.2.1]--Italic character style<INS> [W3C 9.4]--Inserted material<KBD> [W3C 9.2.1]--Keyboard input<LEGEND> [W3C 17.10]--Fieldset label<LI> [W3C 10.2]--List item<META> [W3C 7.4.4]--Document meta-information<OL> [W3C 10.2]--Ordered list<OPTGROUP> [W3C 17.6]--Group of user choices<OPTION> [W3C 17.6]--User choice<P> [W3C 9.3.1]--Paragraph<PARAM> [W3C 13.3.2]--Agent interface parameter<PRE> [W3C 9.3.4]--Preformatted text<SAMP> [W3C 9.2.1]--Sample output<SELECT> [W3C 17.6]--Form selection<SPAN> [W3C 7.5.4]--Generic container<STRONG> [W3C 9.2.1]--Strong emphasis<SUB> [W3C 9.2.3]--Subscript character style<SUP> [W3C 9.2.3]--Superscript character style<TEXTAREA> [W3C 17.7]--Multi-line text field<TFOOT> [W3C 11.2.3]--Table footer<THEAD> [W3C 11.2.3]--Table header cell<TITLE> [W3C 7.4.2]--Document title<TT> [W3C 15.2.1]--Monospaced character style<UL> [W3C 10.2]--Unordered list<VAR> [W3C 9.2.1]--Generic variableThe definitions of the following element types are refined by the International Standard:
<A> [W3C 12.2]--Source and target anchors<ADDRESS> [W3C 7.5.6]--Author's address<AREA> [W3C 13.6.1]--Image map region<BLOCKQUOTE> [W3C 9.2.2]--Block quotation<BODY> [W3C 7.5.1]--Document body<BUTTON> [W3C 17.5]--Selectable input mechanism<COL> [W3C 11.2.4]--Table column properties<COLGROUP> [W3C 11.2.4]--Table column group properties<HEAD> [W3C 7.4.1]--Document header<HTML> [W3C 7.3]--Document instance<H1> [W3C 7.5.5]--Major section header<H2> [W3C 7.5.5]--Section header<H3> [W3C 7.5.5]--Subsection header<H4> [W3C 7.5.5]--Subsubsection header<H5> [W3C 7.5.5]--Subsubsubsection header<H6> [W3C 7.5.5]--Minor subsubsubsection header<IMG> [W3C 13.2]--Inline images<INPUT> [W3C 17.4]--User input field<LABEL> [W3C 17.9.1]--Form field label<LINK> [W3C 12.3]--Interdocument relations<MAP> [W3C 13.6.1]--Client-side image map<OBJECT> [W3C 13.3]--Simple agent<Q> [W3C 9.2.2]--Quote<STYLE> [W3C 14.2.3]--Style specification<TABLE> [W3C 11.2.1]--Tables<TBODY> [W3C 11.2.3]--Table body<TD> [W3C 11.2.6]--Table data cell<TH> [W3C 11.2.6]--Table header cell<TR> [W3C 11.2.5]--Table rowAny element type not listed in this or the preceding subclause is excluded from the International Standard.
The W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 provides a number of attributes that are not supported by the International Standard. They have been omitted because they are used to describe appearance rather than structure, or because the feature is considered to be still too unstable or immature for an International Standard.
ALIGN--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ALINK--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ALT--Omitted from <INPUT> [W3C 17.4].ARCHIVE--Omitted from <OBJECT> [W3C 13.3].BACKGROUND--Omitted from <BODY> [W3C 7.5.1].BGCOLOR--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs.BORDER--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. CELLPADDING--Omitted from <TABLE> [W3C 11.2.1].CELLSPACING--Omitted from <TABLE> [W3C 11.2.1].CHAR--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. CHAROFF--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. CLEAR--Omitted from <BR> [W3C 9.3.2].COMPACT--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. COORDS--Omitted from <A> [W3C 12.2].FRAME--Omitted from <TABLE> [W3C 11.2.1].HEIGHT--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. HSPACE--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. LINK--Omitted from <BODY> [W3C 7.5.1].NOSHADE--Omitted from <HR> [W3C 15.3].NOWRAP--Omitted from <TD> [W3C 11.2.6] and <TH> [W3C 11.2.6].ONBLUR--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONCHANGE--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONCLICK--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONDBLCLICK--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONFOCUS--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONKEYDOWN--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONKEYPRESS--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONKEYUP--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONLOAD--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONMOUSEDOWN--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONMOUSEMOVE--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONMOUSEOUT--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONMOUSEOVER--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONMOUSEUP--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONRESET--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONSELECT--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONSUBMIT--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. ONUNLOAD--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. RULES--Omitted from <TABLE> [W3C 11.2.1].SHAPE--Omitted from <A> [W3C 12.2].SIZE--Omitted from <HR> [W3C 15.3].SRC--Omitted from <INPUT> [W3C 17.4].START--Omitted from <OL> [W3C 10.2].STYLE--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. TARGET--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs.TEXT--Omitted from <BODY> [W3C 7.5.1]. TYPE--Omitted from <LI> [W3C 10.2], <OL> [W3C 10.2] and <UL> [W3C 10.2].USEMAP--Omitted from <INPUT> [W3C 17.4].VALIGN--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. VALUE--Omitted from <LI> [W3C 10.2].VERSION--Omitted from <HTML> [W3C 7.3].VLINK--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. VSPACE--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. WIDTH--Omitted from all elements on which it occurs. This clause in the International Standard covers matters that are not associated with a particular element.
When an ISO-HTML text is transmitted as a multibyte character set UCS-2 or UCS-4, the International Standard follows RFC2070 in recommending:
The International Standard defines two classes of structure: block element types and text element types. The two classes are defined in the ISO-HTML DTD by the entities:
%block;<BLOCKQUOTE> [W3C 9.2.2], <DIV> [W3C 7.5.4], <DL> [W3C 10.3],
<FIELDSET> [W3C 17.10], <FORM> [W3C 17.3], <HR> [W3C 15.3], <OL> [W3C 10.2], <P> [W3C 9.3.1], <PRE> [W3C 9.3.4], <TABLE> [W3C 11.2.1] and <UL> [W3C 10.2].
NOTE: The %block; class corresponds to the %block;
parameter entity in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0, but excludes the %heading;
element [type]s and the <ADDRESS> [W3C 7.5.6] element [type].
%text;NOTE: The %text; class corresponds to the %inline; parameter
entity in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0, but without the %formctrl; element [type].
The subclasses are defined by entities:
%physical.styles;<B> [W3C 15.2.1], <I> [W3C 15.2.1],
<SUB> [W3C 9.2.3], <SUP> [W3C 9.2.3] and <TT> [W3C 15.2.1].
NOTE: The physical styles are called %fontstyle; in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0.
ISO-HTML adds <SUB> [W3C 9.2.3] and <SUP> [W3C 9.2.3] taken from %special;, and
sorts the set into alphabetical order.
%logical.styles;<ABBR> [W3C 9.2.1],
<ACRONYM> [W3C 9.2.1], <CITE> [W3C 9.2.1], <CODE> [W3C 9.2.1], <DFN> [W3C 9.2.1], <EM> [W3C 9.2.1], <KBD> [W3C 9.2.1], <SAMP> [W3C 9.2.1],
<STRONG> [W3C 9.2.1] and <VAR> [W3C 9.2.1].
NOTE: %logical.styles; are called %phrase; in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0.
The ISO-HTML DTD presents the elements in alphabetical order.
%special;<A> [W3C 12.2], <BDO> [W3C 8.2.4], <BR> [W3C 9.3.2],
<IMG> [W3C 13.2], <OBJECT> [W3C 13.3], <MAP> [W3C 13.6.1], <Q> [W3C 9.2.2] and <SPAN> [W3C 7.5.4].
NOTE: The ISO-HTML special subclass corresponds to %special; in the
W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0, but excludes <SUB> [W3C 9.2.3] and <SUP> [W3C 9.2.3] which ISO-HTML considers to
be physical styles. Those that are included are in alphabetical
order.
The distinction between block elements and text elements appears in
For details, see the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0.
The DTD provided by the International Standard has the following formal public identifiers [8879 10.2]:
"ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HyperText Markup Language//EN" "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HTML//EN"
NOTE: The second formal public identifier is shorter, but has exactly the same meaning as the first.
The DTD provided by the International Standard is typically invoked by one of the following declarations:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HyperText Markup Language//EN"> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HTML//EN">
The International Standard formally excludes use of the document type declaration subset [8879 11.1].
The exclusion of the document type declaration subset [8879 11.1] by the International Standard prevents the use of parameter entities [8879 B.6] in conforming documents. Parameter entities declared in the subset can be useful in documents in the same way that macros are useful in programming languages. We will explain later how to take advantage of the power of parameter entities when preparing ISO-HTML documents. This will require a modified document type which is invoked by the document type declaration:
<!DOCTYPE Pre-HTML PUBLIC "-//ISO-HTML User's Guide//DTD Preparation of ISO-HTML//EN" [<!ENTITY % Preparation "INCLUDE" >
general entity declarations...
]>
This modified document type declaration is not a part of the International Standard, but is useful in preparing documents which conform to ISO-HTML.
NOTE: Both the International Standard and this User's Guide were prepared from sources based on the modified document type declaration.
In order to use the ISO-HTML document type definition as a base architecture for other SGML applications, the following architectural support declaration should be used:
<?IS10744 arch name="html" public-id="ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HyperText Markup Language//EN" dtd-system-id="[insert URL to official version here]" renamer-att="HTMLnames" doc-elem-form="HTML" >
The International Standard makes the comments in the DTD a part of the normative text. Those comments which use the words "shall" or "shall not" are normative requirements. Comments which use the words "should" or "should not" are recommendations, and comments which use the verbs "recommend" or "deprecate" are recommendations or deprecations of the International Standard.
NOTE: DTD comments in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 are informative only.
The document type definition (DTD) [8879 11.1] provided by ISO-HTML is divided into three parts which are grouped within a single file. Part 1 is a set of entity definitions required by the DTD and forms the ISO-HTML entity set. Part 2 defines the ISO-HTML element types and their content models, and Part 3 defines the attribute sets for each element type and provides additional normative refinements.
The International Standard also provides an SGML declaration [8879 13] which gives instructions to the SGML parser.
NOTE: The ISO-HTML SGML declaration is essentially the same as the SGML declaration in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0.
The ISO-HTML DTD and the ISO-HTML SGML declaration are formal parts of the International Standard and are protected by copyright held by the IETF, the W3C (MIT, Inria, Keio) and the ISO/IEC. The International Standard grants permission to copy provided the following copyright notice is included with all copies.
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with validating and conforming systems and applications as defined in ISO/IEC 15445:1999, provided this copyright notice is included with all copies.
This provision allows you to make electronic copies of the file that contains the ISO-HTML DTD and the file that contains the SGML declaration. Make sure that the copies that you use are pristine. They should have the following 128 bit MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm checksums specified by RFC1321 and calculated by the GNU md5sum utility for text (not binary) files:
d4b33c05d10a9ac432fa7ba6ece89aa6 15445.dcl a9f85f8ced01bb84b6c8f0e0c9b46e03 15445.dtd
NOTE: The OASIS catalogue fragment described in this User's Guide is not a part of the International Standard. It may be copied without payment under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
NOTE: The checksums which appear in this clause are an example of automatically computed text in an ISO-HTML page. The technique is described in chapter Document preparation.
The International Standard is based on the well established principle that it is good document design to separate the content of a document from the intended style in which it is to be presented to a reader. This facilitates the reprocessing of documents in ways that were not envisaged when they were created, and thus protects the content owners' long term investment in documents.
Although the International Standard does not specify a style sheet language, this User's Guide recommends that authors of ISO-HTML documents use Cascading Style Sheets as specified by the World Wide Web Consortium.
Wherever the International Standard or this User's Guide describe a possible presentation, eg. as a button, the styling information is intended to provide assistance to the reader in understanding the semantics of the element or attribute. It is not intended as a normative style requirement.
SGML differentiates between a comment [8879 10.3] which appears between pairs of double hyphens:
-- This is a comment --
and a comment declaration [8879 10.3] which has the form
<!--comment-- --comment-- --comment-- >
Notice that a comment may be followed by whitespace. The degenerate case
<!>
is allowed by SGML. A common beginner's mistake is to place multiple hyphens in a comment for decorative purposes:
<!----------------------------------------------------
Joe: have the Whizz-Bang lawyers check this out:
---------------------------------------------------->
This example is not valid SGML and it is not valid ISO-HTML, since the additional hyphens are not present in multiples of four.
Validating systems should find an SGML error in such invalid examples
(the characters Joe: have the Whizz-Bang lawyers check this
out: should not appear in whitespace). We leave you to count the
hyphens and appreciate that you should not write --
within a comment.
The International Standard requires that all comments in ISO-HTML documents appear in comment declarations [8879 10.3]. There shall be one and only one comment per comment declaration. For example:
<!-- This is a single comment
in a comment declaration. -->
The intention of this provision is to facilitate the use of popular user agents which are unable to parse SGML and which cannot handle comments outside comment declarations.
The International Standard allows white space following the comment, so an author could write:
<!-- This is a single comment
followed by white space. --
>
The following subchapters describe the refinements that the International Standard makes to those element [type]s defined by the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 which are included in ISO-HTML.
The attributes of the <A> [W3C 12.2] element are restricted to:
CLASS and TITLE.
ID.
The case sensitivity of the ID attribute is
controlled by the SYNTAX NAMING NAMECASE GENERAL YES rule
[8879 13.4.5] of the SGML declaration used with ISO-HTML. The
YES means that upper case folding is to be done: lower
case characters in the ID value are to be replaced by the
corresponding upper case characters. This results in ID values
that are not case sensitive. Unfortunately the attribute NAME has
also been used with the same purpose as ID, and NAME values are
case sensitive.
To resolve this apparent contradiction, the International Standard requires that case
not be taken into account when determining matches for ID values
with NAME and HREF values. Comparisons should be made after
the NAME and HREF values have been folded to upper case.
Authors should take a conservative approach. Do not assume that the
values PiZZa and pizza will match; if they are to
match, write both as PIZZA. Do not assume
that PiZZa and Pizza are different; if they are to
be different, write them as PIZZA-1 and PIZZA-2.
NOTE: Despite this good advice, neither the International Standard nor the User's Guide use
the ID attribute as a target anchor since conformance by popular
browsers to this part of the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 was inconsistent at the time of
writing.
DIR and LANG.
ACCESSKEY, CHARSET
HREF
In order to resolve the ID/NAME case folding
contradiction, the International Standard requires that case not be
taken into account when determining matches for HREF values with
NAME or ID values.
Although the International Standard is silent on the subject, it implies
that HREF values should be tokenized in the same way as NAME
values.
HREFLANGNAME
In order to clarify which names will match, the International Standard
requires that NAME attribute value specifications be processed as
if the declared value were NAME even though the declared value is
CDATA. This calls for the attribute value to be tokenized
which means that entity references and character references are
replaced, entity ends and record starts are removed, and record end
and separator characters (horizontal tabs) are replaced by a
space. Any sequence of space characters is replaced by a single space
and leading and trailing spaces are deleted [8879 7.9.3 and 10.1.7].
As a result the following examples specify the same NAME value:
NAME="Uncle Joe"
NAME="
Uncle
Joe
"
The International Standard requires that case not be taken into
account when determining matches with HREF values or ID values.
REL, REV, TABINDEX and TYPE.
The International Standard recommends that authors of ISO-HTML documents give
preference to the ID attribute over the NAME attribute since
this allows an SGML parser to verify that the ID values are
distinct.
NOTE: Despite this good advice, neither the International Standard nor the User's Guide use
the ID attribute as a target anchor since conformance by popular
browsers to this part of the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 was inconsistent at the time of
writing.
The <ADDRESS> [W3C 7.5.6] element indicates the author or originator of a
document or major part of a document. The International Standard discourages its use
for general markup by requiring that it appear only in the content of
the elements: <BLOCKQUOTE> [W3C 9.2.2], <BODY> [W3C 7.5.1], <DIV> [W3C 7.5.4], <FIELDSET> [W3C 17.10], <FORM> [W3C 17.3] and
<OBJECT> [W3C 13.3].
The <ADDRESS> [W3C 7.5.6] element should not to be used to markup up for example
a list of addresses of the members of a club.
ISO-HTML resticts the attributes of the <AREA> [W3C 13.6.1] element to:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.
DIR and LANG.
ACCESSKEY
ALT
Authors are very strongly recommended to provide
meaningful ALT attributes to support interoperability with
speech-based and text-only agents. The language and direction
of text are defined by the containing elements.
COORDS, HREF, NOHREF, SHAPE and
TABINDEX
The International Standard requires that a value be provided for the ALT attribute,
and that one of HREF or NOHREF be specified. The International Standard
also requires that COORDS not be specified if SHAPE has the
value default.
ISO-HTML strengthens a recommendation in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 by insisting
that the contents of the <BLOCKQUOTE> [W3C 9.2.2] element be specified without
surrounding quotation marks. These may be added by a user agent
through the use of a style sheet.
NOTE: We anxiously await the arrival of a version of the W3C's Cascading Style Sheet which will allow this.
NOTE: Authors have recognized that popular browsers often present the
<BLOCKQUOTE> [W3C 9.2.2] contents indented left and right, and they have misused the
element to obtain this formatting effect for text which was not a block
quotation. True block quotations were marked up with quotation
marks such as ". The W3C try to provide backward
compatibility in the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0 and this prevents them requiring the
omission of quotation marks. ISO-HTML does not have a backward
compatibility requirement, and can insist on quotation mark omission.
This example quotes from article 129C of the European Union Treaty. Here is the markup:
<BLOCKQUOTE
LANG=fr
TITLE="Traité sur l'Union Européenne, Article 129 C.">
<p>
Afin de réaliser les objectifs visés à l'article
129B, la Communauté :
<p>
met en oeuvre toute action qui peut s'avérer nécessaire
pour assurer l'interoperabilité des réseaux, en
particulier dans le domaine de l'harmonisation des
normes techniques ;
</BLOCKQUOTE>
Here is a possible rendering:
<< Afin de réaliser les objectifs visés à l'article 129B, la Communauté : met en oeuvre toute action qui peut s'avérer nécessaire pour assurer l'interoperabilité des réseaux, en particulier dans le domaine de l'harmonisation des normes techniques ; >>
Although there is no requirement in SGML or ISO-HTML to place the
value of the TITLE attribute on a single line, authors are
encouraged to do this, to facilitate the use of popular browsers while
they move towards fuller conformance.
The start tag is required but the end tag is optional. Authors are recommended to include the end tag if the document is to be the subject of further processing.
In order to facilitate the preparation of conforming ISO-HTML
documents, the User's Guide provides a stricter definition for the content
model of the <BODY> [W3C 7.5.1] element.
<!ELEMENT BODY - O ((%block;)*,(H1,DIV1)*) +(DEL|INS) >
This content model makes use of the element <DIV1>, which is not a
part of ISO-HTML, to enforce strictly progressive nesting of sections.
The <DIV1> tags generated during the preparation process will be
removed after the document has been validated as conforming to the
strict nesting requirement.
NOTE: Author are not required to place <DIV1> tags in
documents; they are deduced automatically by the SGML parser.
The International Standard requires that the <BUTTON> [W3C 17.5] element not contain the <A> [W3C 12.2],
<BUTTON> [W3C 17.5], <FIELDSET> [W3C 17.10], <FORM> [W3C 17.3], <INPUT> [W3C 17.4], <LABEL> [W3C 17.9.1], <SELECT> [W3C 17.6] or
<TEXTAREA> [W3C 17.7] elements. If the <BUTTON> [W3C 17.5] element contains an <IMG> [W3C 13.2]
element, the International Standard requires that the <IMG> [W3C 13.2] not have an ISMAP or
USEMAP attribute.
The attributes of the <BUTTON> [W3C 17.5] element are restricted to:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.
DIR and LANG.
ACCESSKEY, DISABLED
NAME
This attribute is required if the TYPE attribute has the
value submit.
TABINDEX
TYPE
Specifies the behaviour associated with the button and takes one of the following values:
TYPE=reset
If the <BUTTON> [W3C 17.5] is contained in a <FIELDSET> [W3C 17.10],
the reset action is limited to the contents of the <FIELDSET> [W3C 17.10].
TYPE=submit
VALUE
This attribute is required if the TYPE attribute has the
value submit, and specifies the value to be returned if the
button is selected.
ISO-HTML requires that the TYPE attribute be provided, and
when the TYPE is specified as submit, the
NAME and VALUE attributes shall be provided.
The International Standard restricts the attributes of the <COL> [W3C 11.2.4] element to:
The International Standard restricts the attributes of the <COLGROUP> [W3C 11.2.4] element to:
The SPAN attribute should only be used if the <COLGROUP> [W3C 11.2.4]
element has no content.
The header of a document provides information about the document rather than the content of the document. Such meta-information is potentially very important for libraries and applications based on large document collections. Authors are recommended to give careful attention to their document headers as part of the overall architecture and design of their applications.
The start tag of the <HEAD> [W3C 7.4.1] element is required by ISO-HTML and shall
not be omitted.
Scripting is not yet considered to be sufficiently stable and mature
to be included in an International Standard, so the <HEAD> [W3C 7.4.1] element
content model does not include the <SCRIPT> [W3C 18.2.1] element.
In SGML vocabulary, the element which contains the document instance
is known as the document element [8879 4.99 and 7.2]. Many historic
HTML documents omitted the document element tags, and the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0,
in an effort at backward compatibility, continues to allow omission of
the document element start and end tags. ISO-HTML has no backward
compatibility requirement, and requires that both the start and end
tags of the <HTML> [W3C 7.3] element be present. They shall not be omitted.
This User's Guide provides a specification for an "HTML
in preparation" document which facilitates validation. Since the
preparation documents are technically not ISO-HTML, their document
element is changed to <Pre-HTML> to avoid any possible confusion.
ISO-HTML takes a very strict view of the nesting of sections.
Sections are considered to be important building blocks in documents,
and maintaining the integrity of their relationships is considered
vital. ISO-HTML considers that the <H1> [W3C 7.5.5] element specifies the
beginning of a major section of a document and contains the title of
that major section. In the past, many authors have used section
header elements only for their appearance, typically giving the author
a set of larger fonts with a visual browser. The W3C offer the
following light deprecation of this usage:
Some people consider skipping heading levels to be bad practice
but accept headings in any order, in an effort to promote backward compatibility.
ISO-HTML considers that the <H1> [W3C 7.5.5] through <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] elements identify
sections of increasing depth and requires that the trees formed by the
containment of sections be rooted at the <H1> [W3C 7.5.5] element, and that no
intermediate level be skipped.
The International Standard requires that the <H1> [W3C 7.5.5] element not be followed by an
<H3> [W3C 7.5.5], <H4> [W3C 7.5.5], <H5> [W3C 7.5.5], or <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] element without an intervening <H2> [W3C 7.5.5]
element. This requirement is expressed as normative text in the DTD,
but cannot be specified in the DTD content models without introducing
additional elements which are not a part of the language. It is
possible to make the introduction of new elements entirely automatic,
without them appearing in the source document, but the use of general
purpose SGML tools which parse documents and re-issue then with all
start and end tags included poses a problem since these "normalized"
documents are not valid ISO-HTML.
The attributes of the <H1> [W3C 7.5.5] element are restricted to:
To make it possible for an SGML parser to validate the correct nesting
of sections, this User's Guide provides an "almost ISO-HTML" document type
definition which may be used to facilitate preparation of valid
ISO-HTML. The document element of this "preparation ISO-HTML" has
been changed from <HTML> [W3C 7.3] to <Pre-HTML> to avoid any confusion. The
<Pre-HTML> DTD automatically introduces new elements required for the
validation process. A simple program may be used later to remove the
unwanted elements to produce valid ISO-HTML.
The ISO-HTML DTD may be switched to the <Pre-HTML> DTD through use of
the Preparation parameter entity. If Preparation
has the value INCLUDE, the alternate definition of the <H1> [W3C 7.5.5]
element requires the correct nesting of headings and sections:
<!ELEMENT H1 - - (%text;)+ > <!ELEMENT DIV1 O O ((%block;)*,(H2,DIV2)*) >
For further details, see SGML engineering.
The recommended way of specifying that the <Pre-HTML> DTD is to be
used is by preceeding the document instance with the ISO-HTML preparation document type declaration.
This has the effect of setting the Preparation parameter
entity to the value INCLUDE.
The <DIV1> through <DIV6> elements are for internal use only within
the DTD and are not a part of the language. They shall not appear in
any ISO-HTML document or associated style sheet.
Figure 2: Progressive nesting of sections.
ISO-HTML considers that the <H2> [W3C 7.5.5] element specifies the beginning of a
section of a document and contains the title of that section.
The International Standard requires that the <H2> [W3C 7.5.5] element not be followed by an
<H4> [W3C 7.5.5], <H5> [W3C 7.5.5], or <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] element without an intervening <H3> [W3C 7.5.5] element.
An <H2> [W3C 7.5.5] element shall be preceded by an <H1> [W3C 7.5.5] element.
The attributes of the <H2> [W3C 7.5.5] element are restricted to:
ISO-HTML considers that the <H3> [W3C 7.5.5] element specifies the beginning of a
subsection of a document and contains the title of the subsection.
The <H3> [W3C 7.5.5] element shall not be followed by an <H5> [W3C 7.5.5] or <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] element
without an intervening <H4> [W3C 7.5.5] element. An <H3> [W3C 7.5.5] element shall be
preceded by an <H2> [W3C 7.5.5] element.
The attributes of the <H3> [W3C 7.5.5] element are restricted to:
ISO-HTML considers that the <H4> [W3C 7.5.5] element specifies the beginning of a subsubsection of a
document and contains the title of the subsubsection.
The
<H4> [W3C 7.5.5] element shall not be followed by an <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] element without an
intervening <H5> [W3C 7.5.5] element. An <H4> [W3C 7.5.5] element shall be preceded by an
<H3> [W3C 7.5.5] element.
The attributes of the <H4> [W3C 7.5.5] element are restricted to:
ISO-HTML considers that the <H5> [W3C 7.5.5] element specifies the beginning of a
subsubsubsection of a document and contains the title of the
subsubsubsection.
An <H5> [W3C 7.5.5] element shall be preceded by an <H4> [W3C 7.5.5] element.
The attributes of the <H5> [W3C 7.5.5] element are restricted to:
ISO-HTML considers that the <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] element specifies the beginning of a
minor subsubsubsection of a document and contains the title of the
minor subsubsubsection.
An <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] element shall be preceded by an <H5> [W3C 7.5.5] element.
The attributes of the <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] element are restricted to:
The attributes of the <IMG> [W3C 13.2] element are restricted to:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.
ALT
ISMAP
The International Standard requires that if the ISMAP attribute is present in
an <IMG> [W3C 13.2] element, the <IMG> [W3C 13.2] element shall be contained in an <A> [W3C 12.2]
element with an HREF attribute present.
LONGDESC, SRC, USEMAP.The International Standard requires that the SRC and ALT attributes be provided.
At most one of the attributes ISMAP and USEMAP may be provided.
The TYPE attribute of the <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element discriminates
between several different types of input field. The set of applicable
attributes depends on the value of the TYPE attribute as
specified in the following subchapters. By default the value of the
TYPE attribute is "text".
The value "button" for the attribute TYPE is not
available in ISO-HTML. Authors wishing to place button-like
devices in documents should use the <BUTTON> [W3C 17.5] element.
ISO-HTML restricts the attributes of the <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element to the
common attributes CLASS, ID, TITLE, the
internationalization attributes DIR, LANG, and ACCEPT,
ACCESSKEY, CHECKED, DISABLED, MAXLENGTH, NAME,
READONLY, SIZE, TABINDEX, TYPE and
VALUE. Their use depends on the value of the TYPE
attribute as specified in the following subchapters.
TYPE=checkboxAn <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element with TYPE=checkbox<INPUT> [W3C 17.4] elements in the same <FORM> [W3C 17.3] element with the
same NAME attribute value represents an n-of-many choice.
The other attribute values are as follows:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.
ACCESSKEY, CHECKED, DISABLED.NAME
This attribute is required.
TABINDEX
The value is a non-negative integer. An SGML number [8879 9.3] is merely a token in which the characters are restricted to digits. 14 and 00014 are not the same number/token since the character strings are not the same. ISO-HTML recommends that the number be given an integer interpretation, with leading zeroes ignored, in the manner of a programming language.
VALUE
This attribute is required.
TYPE=fileAn <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element with TYPE=file<INPUT> [W3C 17.4] is
typically structured within a <FIELDSET> [W3C 17.10] containing text and an
associated <BUTTON> [W3C 17.5] which when selected invokes a file browser to
select a file name. The file name can also be entered directly in the
text field. See RFC1867 for further details.
It is important that a user agent not send any file that the user has not explicitly authorized to be sent. Thus ISO-HTML interpreting agents are expected to confirm any default file names that might be suggested. ISO-HTML requires that fields specifying files not be hidden.
The other attribute values are as follows:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.
ACCEPT, ACCESSKEY, DISABLED, MAXLENGTH,
NAME
This attribute is required.
SIZE, TABINDEX.TYPE=hiddenAn <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element with TYPE=hiddenVALUE attribute
specifies the value of the field. The NAME and VALUE attributes
are required, and are returned to the server when the form is
submitted.
This input element may be used to provide state information in a form.
The other attribute values are as follows:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.ACCESSKEYNAME, VALUE.
These attributes are required.
TYPE=passwordAn <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element with TYPE=password*' to hide
the password from prying eyes.
Application designers should note that this is only a light security protection. Although the password is masked by the browser from casual observers, it is transmitted back to the server in clear text, and can be read by anyone with low-level access to the network.
The other attribute values are as follows:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.ACCESSKEY, DISABLED, MAXLENGTH.NAME
This attribute is required.
SIZE, TABINDEX.TYPE=radioAn <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element with TYPE=radio<INPUT> [W3C 17.4] elements in a <FORM> [W3C 17.3] element with the same
NAME attribute value represents a 1-of-many choice.
The other attribute values are as follows:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.ACCESSKEY, CHECKED, DISABLED.NAME
This attribute is required.
TABINDEXVALUE
This attribute is required.
ISO-HTML requires that at all times one and only one of the radio
buttons in a set be checked. Initially, if none of the <INPUT> [W3C 17.4]
elements in a set of radio buttons specifies CHECKED, then the user
agent shall mark the first radio button of the set as checked.
TYPE=resetAn <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element with TYPE=reset
This behaviour is also offered by the <BUTTON> [W3C 17.5] element which should
be preferred.
The other attribute values are as follows:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.ACCESSKEY, DISABLED, TABINDEX, VALUE.TYPE=submitAn <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element with TYPE=submit
This behaviour is also offered by the <BUTTON> [W3C 17.5] element which should
be preferred.
The other attribute values are as follows:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.ACCESSKEYNAME
This attribute is required if the VALUE attribute is present.
TABINDEX, VALUE.TYPE=textAn <INPUT> [W3C 17.4] element with TYPE=text
The other attribute values are as follows:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.ACCESSKEY, DISABLED, MAXLENGTH.NAME
This attribute is required.
READONLY, SIZE, TABINDEX.VALUE
This attribute is required.
The International Standard requires that the <LABEL> [W3C 17.9.1] element refer to a form field in
the content of the <FORM> [W3C 17.3] element which contains the <LABEL> [W3C 17.9.1].
ISO-HTML restricts the attributes of the <LINK> [W3C 12.3] element to:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.CHARSETHREF
HREFLANG, MEDIA
REL
The REL attribute defines the relationship of the target anchor
to the source anchor.
REV
The REV attribute defines the relationship of the source anchor
to the target anchor. The same generally recognized values are
available for the REV attribute as for the REL attribute, but
the semantics are reversed for a given link. For example
REV=contents
The current document serves as a table of contents for the document refered to by the link.
TYPEIn this example the current document is "Chapter2.html", and the links describe the relationships with the preceding and following chapters:
<HEAD> <LINK REL="Index" HREF="../index.html"> <LINK REL="Next" HREF="Chapter3.html"> <LINK REV="Previous" HREF="Chapter3.html"> <LINK REV="Next" HREF="Chapter1.html"> </HEAD>
If the HREF is unchanged, changing REL to REV or vice
versa requires reversing the semantics of the REL/REV
attribute.
The International Standard requires that the NAME attribute be provided. Its value
is case sensitive, and the attribute value specification shall be
processed as if the declared value were NAME.
Entity references and character references are replaced, entity ends and record starts are removed, record end and separator characters are replaced by a space. Any sequence of space characters is replaced by a single space and leading and trailing spaces are deleted, [8879 7.9.3 and 10.1.7].
The attributes of the <OBJECT> [W3C 13.3] element are restricted to:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.
The ID attribute is also available to assist inter agent communication.
DIR and LANG.CLASSID, CODEBASE, CODETYPE, DATA, DECLARE,
NAME, STANDBY, TABINDEX, TYPE, USEMAP.The contents of the <Q> [W3C 9.2.2] element shall not be surrounded with
quotation marks. These may be added by the user agent through the use
of a style sheet.
A <Q LANG=de>quotation in German</Q> and a <Q LANG=fr>quotation in French</Q>.
might be rendered as:
A ,,quotation in German'' and a << quotation in French >>.
The <STYLE> [W3C 14.2.3] element contains style sheet information which shall be
passed to the user agent's style manager. Any style sheet language
may be used, and none is defined by the International Standard.
It is a user agent error to render the style sheet information as if it were part of a document's text.
We recommend that authors:
<META> [W3C 7.4.4] element.The attributes of the <TABLE> [W3C 11.2.1] element are restricted to:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.SUMMARY
The SUMMARY attribute is required by the International Standard and
shall be provided.
In ISO-HTML the start tag is required for the <TBODY> [W3C 11.2.3] element.
The attributes of the <TD> [W3C 11.2.6] element are restricted to:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.ABBR, AXIS, COLSPAN, HEADERS, ROWSPAN
and SCOPE.The attributes of the <TH> [W3C 11.2.6] element are restricted to:
CLASS, ID and TITLE.DIR and LANG.ABBR, AXIS, COLSPAN, HEADERS, ROWSPAN
and SCOPE. It is recommended that authors pay attention to the following points in order to avoid inconsistent rendering of their tables.
The <TR> [W3C 11.2.5] element should require exactly the same number of columns as
the number of columns specified by the <COL> [W3C 11.2.4] or <COLGROUP> [W3C 11.2.4] elements
in the containing <TABLE> [W3C 11.2.1] element, if present, taking into account
the effect of the ROWSPAN and COLSPAN attributes of the <TD> [W3C 11.2.6]
and <TH> [W3C 11.2.6] elements, the SPAN attributes of the <COL> [W3C 11.2.4] and
<COLGROUP> [W3C 11.2.4] elements and the padding of incomplete rows by a user
agent.
The attributes of the <TR> [W3C 11.2.5] element are restricted to:
This chapter describes an SGML-based process for preparing ISO-HTML conforming documents. The process is not a part of the International Standard, but is intended to make it easier to conform to the International Standard. The principal advantages are:
NOTE: This is the technique used to specify the many links between the User's Guide and the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0.
More complex SGML-based processes are possible. For example the source document may be structured using a richer DTD or a richly structured document database. This has advantages when a document represents a major investment and is used to generate a range of output. The processing of such documents is beyond the scope of this User's Guide.
NOTE: The limited process we describe offers the most that can be achieved with just an SGML parser. If you are interested in more complex processing, consider LT NSL developed by the language technology group of the University of Edinburgh.
The process uses the document type declaration internal subset
[8879 11.1] which is a feature of the DOCTYPE
declaration not supported by the International Standard or the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0. In order to
clearly identify the documents-in-preparation as being different from
ISO-HTML or HTML 4.0, we give them a different document element
<Pre-HTML>. This document element is only valid for
documents-in-preparation.
The internal subset appears between square brackets in the
DOCTYPE declaration as shown in the following figure.
Figure 3: Use of the DOCTYPE internal subset.
Before describing the contents of the figure, a short discussion of entities in SGML may be useful. An SGML entity [8879 B.6] may be thought of as a chunk of document -- a programmer might prefer to use the term macro. There are two types of entity in SGML:
à used to provide a lower case a with a grave
accent which appears at the end of the word voilà.
NOTE: The two types of entity serve the same basic purpose. The reason for having two types is to have two name spaces. The document author need not be concerned about overloading an entity name already chosen by the support people who define the document type declaration.
The "legal" ENTITY declaration [8879 10.5] in the
subset has a % character before the entity name. This
indicates that "legal" is a parameter entity for
use in the subset. The notation "%legal;"
[8879 9.4.4] is a reference to the parameter entity and in the
example shown, an SGML parser will resolve the
parameter entity to a declaration of the general entity
&fineprint; which may be used in the document. The
resolution process is indirect: an OASIS catalogue fragment, usually in a file
"catalog", points to the file which contains the general
entity definition. The lookup is done using the Formal Public
Identifier [8879 10.2], in the example given:
"-//Whiz-Bang//TEXT Legal blurb//EN". The result is to
make the general entity &fineprint; available for use
in the document.
At first sight this process may seem complex, but in a large
production environment it has many advantages. The document author
can work without having to be concerned about which file contains the
latest fine print. The system administrator manages the OASIS catalogue and
the legal department can work independently on their fine print. We
have shown an external file "fineprint.txt" which
contains only one general entity declaration. In practice the
external file may contain hundreds of entity declarations, for example
the offical list of all the publicly avalaible URLs and URI's offered by a
corporation.
The ISO-HTML page produced by the process does not contain an internal
subset or any indication of the existence of the parameter entity
%legal; or the general entity
&fineprint;
NOTE: The catalogue fragment may be in the same "catalog"
file as the OASIS catalogue fragment described in "SGML engineering" and the sample SGML catalog fragment
provided by the W3C Recommendation for HTML 4.0.
The preparation process uses the sgmlnorm feature of the SP parser to produce a version of the
document-in-preparation in which all the entities have been resolved
and all the omitted element start and end tags inserted. This
intermediate document contains the <DIV1> ... <DIV6> element tags
which are not permitted in ISO-HTML. They are removed by a "scrubber"
which also replaces <Pre-HTML> start and end tags by <HTML> [W3C 7.3] start and
end tags. In addition, the scrubber places the ISO-HTML document type declaration at the head of the file.
The incantation used by the editors when they prepared the International Standard and this User's Guide was of the form:
sgmlnorm -e -g -w all -E 5 UG.Pre-HTML | scrub8 > UG.html
It is common to see a time stamp at the foot of an HTML page such as
that of the Free Software Foundation:
Updated: 1 Jan 1998 rms. It is possible to use the
<Pre-HTML> techniques to set this time stamp automatically. We will
assume that you are using a Makefile
to build your pages.
Makefile, just before you
parse a page in which you wish to place a time stamp, insert the
following shell commands:
echo "<!ENTITY lastchange '" > lastchange date >> lastchange echo "' >" >> lastchange
NOTE: The three lines are indented with a tab, not spaces.
<!ENTITY % lastchange PUBLIC "-//ISO-HTML User's Guide//TEXT Last change time stamp//EN" > %lastchange;
-- Last change time stamp -- PUBLIC "-//ISO-HTML User's Guide//TEXT Last change time stamp//EN" lastchange
<hr> <p>Last change was on &lastchange; <hr>
You can adapt the formal public identifiers, entity names and time stamp text to your own needs.
NOTE: The parameter entity, the general entity and the temporary file which contains the time stamp all have the same name but since they are in different name spaces there is no ambiguity.
This chapter describes the SGML techniques that are used in the formal specification of ISO-HTML and Pre-HTML. Validating systems are required to support these techniques, but conforming systems are not.
The engineering is based on a three step process:
IGNORE for the
%Preparation; parameter entity which manages the
customization of the DTD. This default value is overridden by
Pre-HTML documents which specify the value INCLUDE for the
%Preparation; parameter entity.
%Preparation;
parameter entity.The DOCTYPE declarations [8879 11.1] for ISO-HTML are:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HyperText Markup Language//EN"> <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HTML//EN">
and the declaration for Pre-HTML is
<!DOCTYPE Pre-HTML PUBLIC "-//ISO-HTML User's Guide//DTD Preparation of ISO-HTML//EN" [<!ENTITY % Preparation "INCLUDE">
general entity declarations...
]>
The formal public identifiers (FPI) [8879 10.2] in the DOCTYPE
declarations for ISO-HTML and Pre-HTML are used as keys to identify
the corresponding entries in a catalogue
which is usually placed in a file named catalog. The
catalogue associates the same file name with the three FPIs:
PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HyperText Markup Language//EN" 15445.dtd
PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HTML//EN"> 15445.dtd
PUBLIC "-//ISO-HTML User's Guide//DTD ISO-HTML Preparation//EN" 15445.dtdParsers such as SP which support use of a catalogue use the FPIs to find the name of the file containing the DTD.
NOTE: The file name is system dependent. A different name may be needed on restricted operating systems.
The Pre-HTML internal subset contains a declaration for the parameter
entity %Preparation; for which the default value is defined
in the ISO-HTML DTD. The value in the Pre-HTML internal subset takes
precedence over the default value provided in the ISO-HTML DTD (see
[8879 9.4.4.1]).
If %Preparation; has the value INCLUDE,
the mechanisms which require correct nesting of the elements <H1> [W3C 7.5.5]
through <H6> [W3C 7.5.5] are included. If the value is IGNORE, the
mechanisms which require correct nesting of headings are omitted.
The ISO-HTML DTD defines the inverse parameter entity
%NoPreparation;. The result is that the DTD specifies the
following parameter entities:
%Preparation; = IGNORE,
%NoPreparation; = INCLUDE
%Preparation; = INCLUDE,
%NoPreparation; = IGNOREThe SGML parser parses the files making up the formal definition of
ISO-HTML, taking into account the values of the
%Preparation; and %NoPreparation; parameter
entities specified in step 2. The parameter entities control the
inclusion or exclusion of marked sections, see [8879 10.4], thus
changing the formal definitions.
A typical effect of the parameter entity is in the modification of the
element <BODY> [W3C 7.5.1].
<![ %Preparation;
[
<!ELEMENT BODY - O ((%block;)*, (H1,DIV1)* )
+(DEL|INS) >
]]>
<![ %NoPreparation;
[
<!ELEMENT BODY - O (%block;|H1|H2|H3|H4|H5|H6)+
+(DEL|INS) >
]]>
When the author's DOCTYPE declaration calls for ISO-HTML, this is the same as:
<!ELEMENT BODY - O (%block;|H1|H2|H3|H4|H5|H6)+
+(DEL|INS) >
but when the author's DOCTYPE declaration calls for Pre-HTML, this is the same as:
<!ELEMENT BODY - O ((%block;)*, (H1,DIV1)* )
+(DEL|INS) >
The SGML declaration for ISO-HTML is provided by this file:
<!SGML "ISO 8879:1986 (WWW)"
-- ISO/IEC 15445 Hypertext Markup Language (ISO-HTML)
SGML Declaration
Copyright (C) 1999 IETF, W3C (MIT, Inria, Keio), ISO/IEC.
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
validating and conforming systems and applications as defined
in ISO/IEC 15445, provided this copyright notice is included
with all copies.
--
CHARSET
-- First 17 planes of ISO 10646. --
BASESET "ISO Registration Number 177//CHARSET
ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 UCS-4 with
implementation level 3//ESC 2/5 2/15 4/6"
DESCSET 0 9 UNUSED
9 2 9
11 2 UNUSED
13 1 13
14 18 UNUSED
32 95 32
127 1 UNUSED
128 32 UNUSED
160 55136 160
55296 2048 UNUSED
57344 1056768 57344
--
ISO/IEC 10646 does not define all positions. For example, it reserves
positions with hexadecimal values 0000D800 - 0000DFFF, used in the
UTF-16 encoding of UCS-4, as well as the last two code values in each
plane of UCS-4, ie. all values of the hexadecimal form xxxxFFFE and
xxxxFFFF. Undefined code values and the corresponding numeric
character references should not be included in an HTML document, and
they shall be ignored if encountered when processing an HTML document.
--
CAPACITY SGMLREF
TOTALCAP 150000
GRPCAP 150000
ENTCAP 150000
SCOPE DOCUMENT
SYNTAX
SHUNCHAR CONTROLS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 127
BASESET "ISO 646IRV:1991//CHARSET
International Reference Version
(IRV)//ESC 2/8 4/2"
DESCSET 0 128 0
FUNCTION
RE 13
RS 10
SPACE 32
TAB SEPCHAR 9 -- Deprecated --
NAMING LCNMSTRT ""
UCNMSTRT ""
LCNMCHAR ".-_:"
UCNMCHAR ".-_:"
NAMECASE GENERAL YES
ENTITY NO
DELIM GENERAL SGMLREF
HCRO "&#x" -- 38 is Ampersand --
SHORTREF SGMLREF
NAMES SGMLREF
QUANTITY SGMLREF
ATTCNT 60
ATTSPLEN 65536 -- These are the largest values --
LITLEN 65536 -- permitted in the declaration. --
NAMELEN 65536 -- Avoid fixed limits in actual --
PILEN 65536 -- implementations of user agents. --
TAGLVL 100
TAGLEN 65536
GRPGTCNT 150
GRPCNT 64
FEATURES
MINIMIZE
DATATAG NO
OMITTAG YES
RANK NO
SHORTTAG YES
LINK
SIMPLE NO
IMPLICIT NO
EXPLICIT NO
OTHER
CONCUR NO
SUBDOC NO
FORMAL YES
APPINFO NONE
>
The document type definition (DTD) for ISO-HTML is provided by this file.
Part 1 of the DTD for ISO-HTML contains parameter entity definitions used in Parts 2 and 3, and the short reference mapping [8879 11.5] which converts the deprecated horizontal tab into a space. Part 2 contains the elements and their content models. Part 3 provides the attribute definitions and additional normative refinements that ISO-HTML places on the elements.
<!-- 15445.dtd
ISO/IEC 15445:1999 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Document Type Definition.
Copyright (C) 1999, IETF, W3C (MIT, Inria, Keio), ISO/IEC.
Permission to copy in any form is granted for use with
validating and conforming systems and applications as defined
in ISO/IEC 15445:1999, provided this copyright notice is included
with all copies.
The DTD is typically invoked by one of the following declarations:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HyperText Markup Language//EN">
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HTML//EN">
In order to use the HTML document type definition as a base architecture for
other SGML applications, the following architectural support declaration
should be used:
<?IS10744 arch name="html"
public-id="ISO/IEC 15445:1999//DTD HyperText Markup Language//EN"
dtd-system-id="[insert URL to official version here]"
renamer-att="HTMLnames"
doc-elem-form="HTML"
>
-->
<!-- Part 1. Entity set. -->
<!-- The Preparation parameter entity shall be set to IGNORE for HTML,
and to INCLUDE for a document to be submitted to the preparation
process. -->
<!ENTITY % Preparation "IGNORE" >
<!-- This definition generates the inverse entity
NoPreparation which is internal to the DTD. -->
<![ %Preparation; [
<!ENTITY % NoPreparation "IGNORE" -- Inverse of Preparation = INCLUDE -->
]]>
<!ENTITY % NoPreparation "INCLUDE" -- Inverse of Preparation = IGNORE -->
<!-- End of definition -->
<!-- Tokens defined by other standards -->
<!ENTITY % Content-Type "CDATA" -- MIME content type, RFC1521 -->
<!ENTITY % HTTP-Method "(get | post)" -- as per HTTP/1.1 RFC2068 -->
<!ENTITY % URI "CDATA" -- Universal Resource Identifier, RFC1630 -->
<!-- Element tokens -->
<!ENTITY % special "A | BDO | BR | IMG | OBJECT |
MAP | Q | SPAN" >
<!-- Logical character styles -->
<!ENTITY % logical.styles "ABBR | ACRONYM | CITE | CODE | DFN | EM |
KBD | SAMP | STRONG | VAR" >
<!-- Physical character styles -->
<!ENTITY % physical.styles "B | I | SUB | SUP | TT" >
<!-- Model groups -->
<!-- Block-like elements eg. paragraphs and lists -->
<!ENTITY % block "BLOCKQUOTE | DIV | DL | FIELDSET | FORM |
HR | OL | P | PRE | TABLE | UL" >
<!-- Form fields - input elements that may appear only within forms -->
<!ENTITY % form.fields "BUTTON | INPUT | LABEL | SELECT | TEXTAREA" >
<!-- Character level elements and text strings -->
<!ENTITY % text "#PCDATA | %physical.styles; | %logical.styles; | %special;" >
<!-- Elements that may appear in a form, section or table -->
<!ENTITY % form.content "(%block; | %text; | %form.fields; | ADDRESS)+" >
<!ENTITY % section.content "(%block; | %text; | ADDRESS)+" >
<!ENTITY % table.content "(%block; | %text;)*" >
<!-- Generic attributes -->
<!ENTITY % core
"CLASS CDATA #IMPLIED -- Comma separated list of class values --
--The name space of the ID attribute is shared with the name space
of the NAME attributes of <A> elements. ID and NAME values shall be
distinct. It is an error for an ID or NAME value to be
duplicated within a document. It is recommended that
authors of documents intended for further processing specify the ID
attribute in preference to the NAME attribute. --
ID ID #IMPLIED -- Document-wide unique id --
TITLE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Advisory title or amplification --" >
<!-- Internationalization attributes -->
<!ENTITY % i18n
"DIR (ltr|rtl) #IMPLIED -- Direction for weak/neutral text --
LANG NAME #IMPLIED -- RFC1766 language value --" >
<!-- Presentation styles -->
<!ENTITY % shape "(circle | default | poly | rect)" >
<!ENTITY % InputType "(checkbox | file | hidden | password |
radio | reset | submit | text)" >
<!-- SHORTREF mapping for the tab character -->
<!-- Use of the tab character is deprecated. However, to facilitate
the preparation of conforming documents by authors who use it,
the tab character is tolerated and is mapped into a single space. -->
<!ENTITY nontab " " >
<!SHORTREF tabmap " " nontab >
<!USEMAP tabmap HTML >
<!-- Specify character entity sets defined by W3C -->
<!ENTITY % HTMLlat1 PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Full Latin 1//EN//HTML" >
<!ENTITY % HTMLsymbol PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Symbolic//EN//HTML" >
<!ENTITY % HTMLspecial PUBLIC "-//W3C//ENTITIES Special//EN//HTML" >
<!-- Reference character entities. -->
%HTMLlat1;%HTMLsymbol;%HTMLspecial;
<!-- Part 2. Document structure -->
<!-- Further normative requirements on the elements defined in this part
of the DTD are provided in Part 3.-->
<!-- ELEMENTS MIN CONTENT (EXCEPTIONS) -->
<!ELEMENT HTML - - (HEAD, BODY) >
<!ELEMENT HEAD - O (TITLE) +(LINK | META | STYLE) >
<!ELEMENT TITLE - - (#PCDATA) -(LINK | META | STYLE) >
<!ELEMENT LINK - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT META - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT STYLE - - CDATA >
<!-- The following marked section is informative only. -->
<![ %Preparation; [
<!ELEMENT Pre-HTML - - (HEAD, BODY) >
<!ELEMENT BODY - O ((%block;)*,(H1,DIV1)* ) +(DEL|INS) >
<!ELEMENT H1 - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT DIV1 O O ((%block;)*, (H2,DIV2)* ) >
<!ELEMENT H2 - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT DIV2 O O ((%block;)*, (H3,DIV3)* ) >
<!ELEMENT H3 - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT DIV3 O O ((%block;)*, (H4,DIV4)* ) >
<!ELEMENT H4 - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT DIV4 O O ((%block;)*, (H5,DIV5)* ) >
<!ELEMENT H5 - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT DIV5 O O ((%block;)*, (H6,DIV6)* ) >
<!ELEMENT H6 - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT DIV6 O O ((%block;)*) >
]]>
<!-- The following marked section is normative. -->
<![ %NoPreparation; [
<!ELEMENT BODY - O (%block;|H1|H2|H3|H4|H5|H6)+ +(DEL|INS) >
<!ELEMENT (H1|H2|H3|H4|H5|H6) - - (%text;)+ >
]]>
<!ELEMENT DIV - - %section.content; >
<!ELEMENT ADDRESS - - (%text;)+ -(IMG|OBJECT|MAP) >
<!ELEMENT P - O (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT (OL|UL) - - (LI)+ >
<!ELEMENT LI - O (%text; | %block;)+ >
<!ELEMENT DL - - (DT|DD)+ >
<!ELEMENT DT - O (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT DD - O %section.content; -(ADDRESS) >
<!ELEMENT PRE - - (%text;)+ -(IMG|MAP|OBJECT|SUB|SUP) >
<!ELEMENT BLOCKQUOTE - - (%block;)+ >
<!ELEMENT Q - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT FORM - - %form.content; -(FORM) >
<!-- #PCDATA required to absorb leading white space. -->
<!ELEMENT FIELDSET - - (#PCDATA,LEGEND,%form.content;) -(FIELDSET) >
<!ELEMENT INPUT - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT BUTTON - - (%text;)+ -(A|FIELDSET|FORM|%form.fields;) >
<!ELEMENT LABEL - - (%text;|%form.fields;)+ -(LABEL) >
<!ELEMENT LEGEND - - (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT SELECT - - (OPTGROUP|OPTION)+ >
<!ELEMENT OPTGROUP - - (OPTION)+ >
<!ELEMENT OPTION - O (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT TEXTAREA - - (#PCDATA) >
<!ELEMENT HR - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT TABLE - - (CAPTION?, (COL*|COLGROUP*),
THEAD?, TFOOT?, TBODY+) >
<!ELEMENT CAPTION - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT (THEAD,TFOOT,TBODY) - O (TR)+ >
<!ELEMENT COL - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT COLGROUP - O (COL)* >
<!ELEMENT TR - O (TH|TD)+ >
<!ELEMENT (TH|TD) - O %table.content; >
<!ELEMENT (%logical.styles;|%physical.styles;)
- - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT A - - (%text;)* -(A) >
<!ELEMENT IMG - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT OBJECT - - (PARAM | %section.content;)* >
<!ELEMENT PARAM - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT BR - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT MAP - - (AREA)+ > <!-- (*) -->
<!ELEMENT AREA - O EMPTY >
<!ELEMENT SPAN - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT (DEL|INS) - - (%text;)+ >
<!ELEMENT BDO - - (%text;)+ >
<!-- Part 3. Attribute definition lists -->
<!-- ELEMENTS
NAME VALUE DEFAULT -->
<!ATTLIST A
--Case shall not be taken into account when determining a match
between an ID value and a NAME value, between an ID value and
an HREF value or between a NAME value and an HREF value.
Comparisons should be made with the values folded to upper case.
The NAME attribute value specification shall be processed as if the
declared value were NAME.
It is recommended that authors of HTML documents give
preference to the ID attribute over the NAME attribute.
(*)
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ACCESSKEY CDATA #IMPLIED -- Accessibility key character --
CHARSET CDATA #IMPLIED -- Character encoding as per RFC2045 --
HREF %URI; #IMPLIED -- Source anchor is URI of target --
HREFLANG NAME #IMPLIED -- Language code of resource --
NAME CDATA #IMPLIED -- Target anchor --
REL CDATA #IMPLIED -- Forward link types --
REV CDATA #IMPLIED -- Reverse link types --
TABINDEX NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Position in tabbing order --
TYPE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Advisory content type -->
<!ATTLIST ADDRESS
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST AREA
--One of HREF or NOHREF shall be specified.
COORDS shall not be specified if SHAPE has the value `default'.
Authors are very strongly recommended to provide meaningful ALT
attributes to support interoperability with speech-based or text-only
agents. The language and direction of the text provided by the ALT
attribute are defined by the containing elements.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ACCESSKEY CDATA #IMPLIED -- Accessibility key character --
ALT CDATA #REQUIRED -- Description for text-only UAs --
COORDS CDATA #IMPLIED -- Comma separated list of values --
HREF %URI; #IMPLIED -- This region acts as hypertext link --
NOHREF (nohref) #IMPLIED -- This region has no action --
SHAPE %shape; rect -- Control interpretation of coords --
TABINDEX NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Position in tabbing order -->
<!ATTLIST BDO
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
DIR (ltr|rtl) #REQUIRED -- Direction of writing --
LANG NAME #IMPLIED -- RFC1766 language value -->
<!ATTLIST BLOCKQUOTE
--The contents of the BLOCKQUOTE element shall not be surrounded with
quotation marks. These may be added by the user agent through the use
of a style sheet.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
CITE %URI; #IMPLIED -- URI for source document or message -->
<!ATTLIST BODY
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST BR
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE -->
<!ATTLIST BUTTON
--The BUTTON element shall not contain the A, BUTTON, FIELDSET, FORM,
INPUT, LABEL, SELECT or TEXTAREA elements.
If the BUTTON element contains an IMG element, the IMG shall not have
an ISMAP or USEMAP attribute.
The TYPE attribute shall be provided, and when the TYPE is
specified as `submit', the NAME and VALUE attributes shall be provided.
The NAME attribute is required if the TYPE attribute has the value
`submit'.
If the TYPE attribute has value `reset', and the BUTTON is contained
in a FIELDSET, the reset action is limited to the contents of the
FIELDSET.
The VALUE attribute is required if the TYPE attribute has the value
`submit' and specifies the value to be returned if the button
is selected.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ACCESSKEY CDATA #IMPLIED -- Accessibility key character --
DISABLED (disabled) #IMPLIED -- Control unavailable in this context --
NAME CDATA #IMPLIED -- Required for all except submit, reset --
TABINDEX NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Position in tabbing order --
TYPE (submit|reset) submit -- For use as form submit/reset button --
VALUE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Passed to server when submitted -->
<!ATTLIST CAPTION
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST COL
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
SPAN NUMBER 1 -- Number of cols spanned -->
<!ATTLIST COLGROUP
--The SPAN attribute should only be used if the COLGROUP element
has no content.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
SPAN NUMBER 1 -- Number of cols spanned by group -->
<!ATTLIST DD
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST DEL
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
CITE %URI; #IMPLIED -- Information on reason for change --
DATETIME CDATA #IMPLIED -- When changed, subset of ISO/IEC 8601 -->
<!ATTLIST DIV
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST DL
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST DT
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST FIELDSET
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST FORM
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ACCEPT CDATA #IMPLIED -- List of MIME types for file upload --
ACCEPT-CHARSET CDATA #IMPLIED -- List of supported char sets --
ACTION %URI; #REQUIRED -- Server-side form handler --
ENCTYPE %Content-Type; "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
METHOD %HTTP-Method; get -- See HTTP specification -->
<!ATTLIST HEAD
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
PROFILE %URI; #IMPLIED -- Named dictionary of meta info -->
<!ATTLIST HR
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST HTML
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST (H1 | H2 | H3 | H4 | H5 | H6)
--The H1 element shall not be followed by an H3, H4, H5 or H6 element
without an intervening H2 element.
The H2 element shall not be followed by an H4, H5 or H6 element
without an intervening H3 element.
The H3 element shall not be followed by an H5 or H6 element without
an intervening H4 element.
The H4 element shall not be followed by an H6 element without an
intervening H5 element.
An H2 element shall be preceded by an H1 element.
An H3 element shall be preceded by an H2 element.
An H4 element shall be preceded by an H3 element.
An H5 element shall be preceded by an H4 element.
An H6 element shall be preceded by an H5 element.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST IMG
--If the IMG element is contained in a BUTTON element, the IMG shall not
have an ISMAP or USEMAP attribute.
If the ISMAP attribute is present in an IMG element, that IMG element
shall be contained in an A element with an HREF attribute present.
At most one of the attributes ISMAP and USEMAP may be provided.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ALT CDATA #REQUIRED -- Text for text-only user agent --
ISMAP (ismap) #IMPLIED -- Use server image map --
LONGDESC %URI; #IMPLIED -- Extended description for text UA --
SRC %URI; #REQUIRED -- URI of image to embed --
USEMAP %URI; #IMPLIED -- Use client-side image map -->
<!ATTLIST INPUT
--If the attribute TYPE has the value `checkbox', values shall be
provided for the the NAME and VALUE attributes.
If the attribute TYPE has the value `file', a value shall be
provided for the NAME attribute; HTML interpreting agents should
request user confirmation of any default file names that might
be suggested, and fields specifying files shall not be hidden.
If the attribute TYPE has the value `hidden', values shall be
provided for the NAME and VALUE attributes.
If the attribute TYPE has the value `password', a value shall be
provided for the NAME attribute.
If the attribute TYPE has the value `radio', values shall be
provided for the the NAME and VALUE attributes. At all times,
one and only one of the radio buttons shall be checked.
Initially, if none of the INPUT elements in a set of radio
buttons specifies CHECKED, then the user agent shall mark the
first radio button of the set as checked.
If the attribute TYPE has the value `submit', and a value is
specified for the VALUE attribute, then a value shall be provided
for the NAME attribute.
If the attribute TYPE has the value `text', values shall be
provided for the NAME and VALUE attributes.
The MAXLENGTH and TABINDEX values shall be considered as integers
with any leading zeroes ignored.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ACCEPT CDATA #IMPLIED -- List of MIME types for file upload --
ACCESSKEY CDATA #IMPLIED -- Accessibility key character --
CHECKED (checked) #IMPLIED -- For radio buttons, checkboxes --
DISABLED (disabled) #IMPLIED -- Control unavailable in this context --
MAXLENGTH NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Max chars for text fields --
NAME CDATA #IMPLIED -- Required for all except submit, reset --
READONLY (READONLY) #IMPLIED -- For text --
SIZE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Specific to each type of field --
TABINDEX NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Position in tabbing order --
TYPE %InputType; text -- Widget --
VALUE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Required for radio, checkboxes -->
<!ATTLIST INS
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
CITE %URI; #IMPLIED -- Information on reason for change --
DATETIME CDATA #IMPLIED -- When changed, subset of ISO/IEC 8601 -->
<!ATTLIST LABEL
--The LABEL element shall refer to a form field in the content of the
FORM element which contains the LABEL.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ACCESSKEY CDATA #IMPLIED -- Accessibility key character --
FOR IDREF #IMPLIED -- Points to associated field -->
<!ATTLIST LEGEND
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ACCESSKEY CDATA #IMPLIED -- Accessibility key character -->
<!ATTLIST LI
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST LINK
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
CHARSET CDATA #IMPLIED -- Character encoding as per RFC2045 --
HREF %URI; #IMPLIED -- URI for link resource --
HREFLANG NAME #IMPLIED -- Language code of resource --
MEDIA CDATA #IMPLIED -- Destination media of referenced doc --
REL CDATA #IMPLIED -- Forward link types --
REV CDATA #IMPLIED -- Reverse link types --
TYPE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Advisory Internet content type -->
<!ATTLIST MAP
--The value of the NAME attribute is case sensitive, and the attribute
value specification shall be processed as if the declared value were
NAME.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
NAME CDATA #REQUIRED -- Referenced by USEMAP in <IMG> -->
<!ATTLIST META
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
CONTENT CDATA #REQUIRED -- Associated information --
HTTP-EQUIV NAME #IMPLIED -- HTTP response header name --
NAME NAME #IMPLIED -- Meta-information name --
SCHEME CDATA #IMPLIED -- Nature of content -->
<!ATTLIST OBJECT
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
CLASSID %URI; #IMPLIED -- Identifies implementation --
CODEBASE %URI; #IMPLIED -- Needed by some systems --
CODETYPE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Internet content type for code --
DATA %URI; #IMPLIED -- Reference to objects data --
DECLARE (declare) #IMPLIED -- Flag: declare but dont instantiate --
NAME CDATA #IMPLIED -- Submit as part of form --
STANDBY CDATA #IMPLIED -- Show this msg while loading --
TABINDEX NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Position in tabbing order --
TYPE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Internet content type for data --
USEMAP %URI; #IMPLIED -- Reference to image map -->
<!ATTLIST OL
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST OPTGROUP
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
DISABLED (disabled) #IMPLIED -- Control unavailable in this context --
LABEL CDATA #REQUIRED -- For use in hierarchical menus -->
<!ATTLIST OPTION
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
DISABLED (disabled) #IMPLIED -- Control unavailable in this context --
LABEL CDATA #IMPLIED -- For use in hierarchical menus --
SELECTED (selected) #IMPLIED -- Pre-selected option --
VALUE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Defaults to content -->
<!ATTLIST P
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST PARAM
ID ID #IMPLIED -- Document-wide unique id --
NAME CDATA #REQUIRED -- Name of parameter --
TYPE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Internet Media Type --
VALUE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Value of parameter --
VALUETYPE (data|ref|object)
data -- Interpret value as -->
<!ATTLIST PRE
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST Q
--The textual contents of the Q element shall not be surrounded with
quotation marks. These may be added by the user agent through the
use of a style sheet.
--
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
CITE %URI; #IMPLIED -- URI for source document or message -->
<!ATTLIST SELECT
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
DISABLED (disabled) #IMPLIED -- Control unavailable in this context --
MULTIPLE (multiple) #IMPLIED -- Default is single selection --
NAME CDATA #REQUIRED -- Field name --
SIZE NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Rows visible --
TABINDEX NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Position in tabbing order -->
<!ATTLIST SPAN
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST STYLE
--The STYLE element contains style sheet information which shall be
passed to the user agent's style manager. Any style sheet language
may be used. It is a user agent error to render the style sheet
information as if it were part of a document's text.
--
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
MEDIA CDATA #IMPLIED -- Designed for use with these media --
TITLE CDATA #IMPLIED -- Advisory title --
TYPE CDATA #REQUIRED -- Internet content type for style lang. -->
<!ATTLIST TABLE
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
SUMMARY CDATA #REQUIRED -- Purpose/structure for speech output -->
<!ATTLIST TBODY
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST TD
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ABBR CDATA #IMPLIED -- Abbreviation for header cell (*) --
AXIS CDATA #IMPLIED -- Names groups of related headers --
COLSPAN NUMBER 1 -- Number of columns spanned by cell --
HEADERS IDREFS #IMPLIED -- List of ID's for header cells --
ROWSPAN NUMBER 1 -- Number of rows spanned by cell --
SCOPE (col|colgroup|row|rowgroup)
#IMPLIED -- Scope covered by header cells -->
<!ATTLIST TEXTAREA
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ACCESSKEY CDATA #IMPLIED -- Accessibility key character --
COLS NUMBER #REQUIRED -- Number required in av char widths --
DISABLED (disabled) #IMPLIED -- Control unavailable in this context --
NAME CDATA #REQUIRED -- Name of form field --
READONLY (readonly) #IMPLIED -- For text --
ROWS NUMBER #REQUIRED -- Number of rows required --
TABINDEX NUMBER #IMPLIED -- Position in tabbing order -->
<!ATTLIST TFOOT
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST TH
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG --
ABBR CDATA #IMPLIED -- Abbreviation for header cell (*) --
AXIS CDATA #IMPLIED -- Names groups of related headers --
COLSPAN NUMBER 1 -- Number of columns spanned by cell --
HEADERS IDREFS #IMPLIED -- List of ID's for header cells --
ROWSPAN NUMBER 1 -- Number of rows spanned by cell --
SCOPE (col|colgroup|row|rowgroup)
#IMPLIED -- Scope covered by header cells -->
<!ATTLIST THEAD
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST TITLE
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST TR
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST UL
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!-- Attribute group definition lists -->
<!ATTLIST (%physical.styles;)
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!ATTLIST (%logical.styles;)
%core; -- Element CLASS, ID and TITLE --
%i18n; -- Internationalization DIR and LANG -->
<!-- End of file -->
Every effort has been made to provide a language specification that is correct and rigorously specified. However since change is inevitable, facilities have been provided to manage the maintenance of this text.
An informal list of error notifications is available at the location
ftp://ftp.cs.tcd.ie/isohtml/errata. This service is
provided by Trinity College Dublin. Error
notifications should be made via your national
body or via a liaison organization such as the World Wide Web Consortium. Once confirmed, error
notifications will be made public on the server cited above, and will
be incorporated in the formal ISO/IEC standard maintenance process.
There is an excellent online bibliography by Robin Cover for SGML and XML topics. Detailed references for international standards are available at the ISO's WWW site and details of the ISO/IEC JTC1 programme of work are available at the JTC1 WWW site. W3C documents will be found at the W3C site. The IETF RFC's will be found at the IETF WWW site. A bibliography of ``Dublin Core Relevant Publications'' is available.
PURL: http://purl.org/NET/ISO+IEC.15445/Users-Guide.html
Last change was on
Sat Mar 20 23:38:44 EST 1999
Copyright © 1999 Roger Price, David Abrahamson
All Rights Reserved.
