______________________________________________________________________
16 Preprocessing directives [cpp]
______________________________________________________________________
1 A preprocessing directive consists of a sequence of preprocessing
tokens. The first token in the sequence is a # preprocessing token
that is either the first character in the source file (optionally
after white space containing no new-line characters) or that follows
white space containing at least one new-line character. The last
token in the sequence is the first new-line character that follows the
first token in the sequence.1)
preprocessing-file:
groupopt
group:
group-part
group group-part
group-part:
pp-tokensopt new-line
if-section
control-line
if-section:
if-group elif-groupsopt else-groupopt endif-line
if-group:
# if constant-expression new-line groupopt
# ifdef identifier new-line groupopt
# ifndef identifier new-line groupopt
elif-groups:
elif-group
elif-groups elif-group
elif-group:
# elif constant-expression new-line groupopt
else-group:
# else new-line groupopt
endif-line:
# endif new-line
_________________________
1) Thus, preprocessing directives are commonly called "lines." These
"lines" have no other syntactic significance, as all white space is
equivalent except in certain situations during preprocessing (see the
# character string literal creation operator in _cpp.stringize_, for
example).
control-line:
# include pp-tokens new-line
# define identifier replacement-list new-line
# define identifier lparen identifier-listopt ) replacement-list new-line
# undef identifier new-line
# line pp-tokens new-line
# error pp-tokensopt new-line
# pragma pp-tokensopt new-line
# new-line
lparen:
the left-parenthesis character without preceding white-space
replacement-list:
pp-tokensopt
pp-tokens:
preprocessing-token
pp-tokens preprocessing-token
new-line:
the new-line character
2 The only white-space characters that shall appear between preprocess-
ing tokens within a preprocessing directive (from just after the
introducing # preprocessing token through just before the terminating
new-line character) are space and horizontal-tab (including spaces
that have replaced comments or possibly other white-space characters
in translation phase 3).
3 The implementation can process and skip sections of source files con-
ditionally, include other source files, and replace macros. These
capabilities are called preprocessing, because conceptually they occur
before translation of the resulting translation unit.
4 The preprocessing tokens within a preprocessing directive are not sub-
ject to macro expansion unless otherwise stated.
16.1 Conditional inclusion [cpp.cond]
1 The expression that controls conditional inclusion shall be an inte-
gral constant expression except that: it shall not contain a cast;
identifiers (including those lexically identical to keywords) are
interpreted as described below;2) and it may contain unary operator
expressions of the form
defined identifier
or
defined ( identifier )
which evaluate to 1 if the identifier is currently defined as a macro
name (that is, if it is predefined or if it has been the subject of a
#define preprocessing directive without an intervening #undef direc-
tive with the same subject identifier), zero if it is not.
_________________________
2) Because the controlling constant expression is evaluated during
translation phase 4, all identifiers either are or are not macro names
-- there simply are no keywords, enumeration constants, and so on.
2 Each preprocessing token that remains after all macro replacements
have occurred shall be in the lexical form of a token (_lex.token_).
3 Preprocessing directives of the forms
# if constant-expression new-line groupopt
# elif constant-expression new-line groupopt
check whether the controlling constant expression evaluates to
nonzero.
4 Prior to evaluation, macro invocations in the list of preprocessing
tokens that will become the controlling constant expression are
replaced (except for those macro names modified by the defined unary
operator), just as in normal text. If the token defined is generated
as a result of this replacement process or use of the defined unary
operator does not match one of the two specified forms prior to macro
replacement, the behavior is undefined. After all replacements due to
macro expansion and the defined unary operator have been performed,
all remaining identifiers and keywords3), except for true and false,
are replaced with the pp-number 0, and then each preprocessing token
is converted into a token. The resulting tokens comprise the control-
ling constant expression which is evaluated according to the rules of
_expr.const_ using arithmetic that has at least the ranges specified
in _lib.support.limits_, except that int and unsigned int act as if
they have the same representation as, respectively, long and unsigned
long. This includes interpreting character literals, which may
involve converting escape sequences into execution character set mem-
bers. Whether the numeric value for these character literals matches
the value obtained when an identical character literal occurs in an
expression (other than within a #if or #elif directive) is
implementation-defined.4) Also, whether a single-character character
literal may have a negative value is implementation-defined. Each
subexpression with type bool is subjected to integral promotion before
processing continues.
5 Preprocessing directives of the forms
# ifdef identifier new-line groupopt
# ifndef identifier new-line groupopt
check whether the identifier is or is not currently defined as a macro
name. Their conditions are equivalent to #if defined identifier and
#if !defined identifier respectively.
6 Each directive's condition is checked in order. If it evaluates to
false (zero), the group that it controls is skipped: directives are
processed only through the name that determines the directive in order
_________________________
3) An alternative token (_lex.digraph_) is not an identifier, even
when its spelling consists entirely of letters and underscores.
Therefore it is not subject to this replacement.
4) Thus, the constant expression in the following #if directive and if
statement is not guaranteed to evaluate to the same value in these two
contexts.
#if 'z' - 'a' == 25
if ('z' - 'a' == 25)
to keep track of the level of nested conditionals; the rest of the
directives' preprocessing tokens are ignored, as are the other prepro-
cessing tokens in the group. Only the first group whose control con-
dition evaluates to true (nonzero) is processed. If none of the con-
ditions evaluates to true, and there is a #else directive, the group
controlled by the #else is processed; lacking a #else directive, all
the groups until the #endif are skipped.5)
16.2 Source file inclusion [cpp.include]
1 A #include directive shall identify a header or source file that can
be processed by the implementation.
2 A preprocessing directive of the form
# include <h-char-sequence> new-line
searches a sequence of implementation-defined places for a header
identified uniquely by the specified sequence between the < and >
delimiters, and causes the replacement of that directive by the entire
contents of the header. How the places are specified or the header
identified is implementation-defined.
3 A preprocessing directive of the form
# include "q-char-sequence" new-line
causes the replacement of that directive by the entire contents of the
source file identified by the specified sequence between the " delim-
iters. The named source file is searched for in an implementation-
defined manner. If this search is not supported, or if the search
fails, the directive is reprocessed as if it read
# include <h-char-sequence> new-line
with the identical contained sequence (including > characters, if any)
from the original directive.
4 A preprocessing directive of the form
# include pp-tokens new-line
(that does not match one of the two previous forms) is permitted. The
preprocessing tokens after include in the directive are processed just
as in normal text (each identifier currently defined as a macro name
is replaced by its replacement list of preprocessing tokens). If the
directive resulting after all replacements does not match one of the
two previous forms, the behavior is undefined.6) The method by which a
sequence of preprocessing tokens between a < and a > preprocessing
token pair or a pair of " characters is combined into a single header
name preprocessing token is implementation-defined.
_________________________
5) As indicated by the syntax, a preprocessing token shall not follow
a #else or #endif directive before the terminating new-line character.
However, comments may appear anywhere in a source file, including
within a preprocessing directive.
6) Note that adjacent string literals are not concatenated into a sin-
gle string literal (see the translation phases in _lex.phases_); thus,
an expansion that results in two string literals is an invalid direc-
tive.
5 The mapping between the delimited sequence and the external source
file name is implementation-defined. The implementation provides
unique mappings for sequences consisting of one or more nondigits
(_lex.name_) followed by a period .) and a single nondigit. The
implementation may ignore the distinctions of alphabetical case.
6 A #include preprocessing directive may appear in a source file that
has been read because of a #include directive in another file, up to
an implementation-defined nesting limit.
7 [Example: The most common uses of #include preprocessing directives
are as in the following:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "myprog.h"
--end example]
8 [Example: Here is a macro-replaced #include directive:
#if VERSION == 1
#define INCFILE "vers1.h"
#elif VERSION == 2
#define INCFILE "vers2.h" /* and so on */
#else
#define INCFILE "versN.h"
#endif
#include INCFILE
--end example]
16.3 Macro replacement [cpp.replace]
1 Two replacement lists are identical if and only if the preprocessing
tokens in both have the same number, ordering, spelling, and white-
space separation, where all white-space separations are considered
identical.
2 An identifier currently defined as a macro without use of lparen (an
object-like macro) may be redefined by another #define preprocessing
directive provided that the second definition is an object-like macro
definition and the two replacement lists are identical, otherwise the
program is ill-formed.
3 An identifier currently defined as a macro using lparen (a function-
like macro) may be redefined by another #define preprocessing direc-
tive provided that the second definition is a function-like macro def-
inition that has the same number and spelling of parameters, and the
two replacement lists are identical, otherwise the program is ill-
formed.
4 The number of arguments in an invocation of a function-like macro
shall agree with the number of parameters in the macro definition, and
there shall exist a ) preprocessing token that terminates the invoca-
tion.
5 A parameter identifier in a function-like macro shall be uniquely
declared within its scope.
6 The identifier immediately following the define is called the macro
name. There is one name space for macro names. Any white-space char-
acters preceding or following the replacement list of preprocessing
tokens are not considered part of the replacement list for either form
of macro.
7 If a # preprocessing token, followed by an identifier, occurs lexi-
cally at the point at which a preprocessing directive could begin, the
identifier is not subject to macro replacement.
8 A preprocessing directive of the form
# define identifier replacement-list new-line
defines an object-like macro that causes each subsequent instance of
the macro name7) to be replaced by the replacement list of preprocess-
ing tokens that constitute the remainder of the directive.8) The
replacement list is then rescanned for more macro names as specified
below.
9 A preprocessing directive of the form
# define identifier lparen identifier-listopt ) replacement-list new-line
defines a function-like macro with parameters, similar syntactically
to a function call. The parameters are specified by the optional list
of identifiers, whose scope extends from their declaration in the
identifier list until the new-line character that terminates the
#define preprocessing directive. Each subsequent instance of the
function-like macro name followed by a ( as the next preprocessing
token introduces the sequence of preprocessing tokens that is replaced
by the replacement list in the definition (an invocation of the
macro). The replaced sequence of preprocessing tokens is terminated
by the matching ) preprocessing token, skipping intervening matched
pairs of left and right parenthesis preprocessing tokens. Within the
sequence of preprocessing tokens making up an invocation of a func-
tion-like macro, new-line is considered a normal white-space charac-
ter.
10The sequence of preprocessing tokens bounded by the outside-most
matching parentheses forms the list of arguments for the function-like
macro. The individual arguments within the list are separated by
comma preprocessing tokens, but comma preprocessing tokens between
matching inner parentheses do not separate arguments. If (before
argument substitution) any argument consists of no preprocessing
tokens, the behavior is undefined. If there are sequences of prepro-
cessing tokens within the list of arguments that would otherwise act
as preprocessing directives, the behavior is undefined.
_________________________
7) Since, by macro-replacement time, all character literals and string
literals are preprocessing tokens, not sequences possibly containing
identifier-like subsequences (see 2.1.1.2, translation phases), they
are never scanned for macro names or parameters.
8) An alternative token (_lex.digraph_) is not an identifier, even
when its spelling consists entirely of letters and underscores.
Therefore it is not possible to define a macro whose name is the same
as that of an alternative token.
16.3.1 Argument substitution [cpp.subst]
1 After the arguments for the invocation of a function-like macro have
been identified, argument substitution takes place. A parameter in
the replacement list, unless preceded by a # or ## preprocessing token
or followed by a ## preprocessing token (see below), is replaced by
the corresponding argument after all macros contained therein have
been expanded. Before being substituted, each argument's preprocess-
ing tokens are completely macro replaced as if they formed the rest of
the translation unit; no other preprocessing tokens are available.
16.3.2 The # operator [cpp.stringize]
1 Each # preprocessing token in the replacement list for a function-like
macro shall be followed by a parameter as the next preprocessing token
in the replacement list.
2 If, in the replacement list, a parameter is immediately preceded by a
# preprocessing token, both are replaced by a single character string
literal preprocessing token that contains the spelling of the prepro-
cessing token sequence for the corresponding argument. Each occur-
rence of white space between the argument's preprocessing tokens
becomes a single space character in the character string literal.
White space before the first preprocessing token and after the last
preprocessing token comprising the argument is deleted. Otherwise,
the original spelling of each preprocessing token in the argument is
retained in the character string literal, except for special handling
for producing the spelling of string literals and character literals:
a \ character is inserted before each " and \ character of a character
literal or string literal (including the delimiting " characters). If
the replacement that results is not a valid character string literal,
the behavior is undefined. The order of evaluation of # and ## opera-
tors is unspecified.
16.3.3 The ## operator [cpp.concat]
1 A ## preprocessing token shall not occur at the beginning or at the
end of a replacement list for either form of macro definition.
2 If, in the replacement list, a parameter is immediately preceded or
followed by a ## preprocessing token, the parameter is replaced by the
corresponding argument's preprocessing token sequence.
3 For both object-like and function-like macro invocations, before the
replacement list is reexamined for more macro names to replace, each
instance of a ## preprocessing token in the replacement list (not from
an argument) is deleted and the preceding preprocessing token is con-
catenated with the following preprocessing token. If the result is
not a valid preprocessing token, the behavior is undefined. The
resulting token is available for further macro replacement. The order
of evaluation of ## operators is unspecified.
16.3.4 Rescanning and further replacement [cpp.rescan]
1 After all parameters in the replacement list have been substituted,
the resulting preprocessing token sequence is rescanned with all sub-
sequent preprocessing tokens of the source file for more macro names
to replace.
2 If the name of the macro being replaced is found during this scan of
the replacement list (not including the rest of the source file's pre-
processing tokens), it is not replaced. Further, if any nested
replacements encounter the name of the macro being replaced, it is not
replaced. These nonreplaced macro name preprocessing tokens are no
longer available for further replacement even if they are later
(re)examined in contexts in which that macro name preprocessing token
would otherwise have been replaced.
3 The resulting completely macro-replaced preprocessing token sequence
is not processed as a preprocessing directive even if it resembles
one.
16.3.5 Scope of macro definitions [cpp.scope]
1 A macro definition lasts (independent of block structure) until a cor-
responding #undef directive is encountered or (if none is encountered)
until the end of the translation unit.
2 A preprocessing directive of the form
# undef identifier new-line
causes the specified identifier no longer to be defined as a macro
name. It is ignored if the specified identifier is not currently
defined as a macro name.
3 [Note: The simplest use of this facility is to define a "manifest con-
stant," as in
#define TABSIZE 100
int table[TABSIZE];
4 The following defines a function-like macro whose value is the maximum
of its arguments. It has the advantages of working for any compatible
types of the arguments and of generating in-line code without the
overhead of function calling. It has the disadvantages of evaluating
one or the other of its arguments a second time (including side
effects) and generating more code than a function if invoked several
times. It also cannot have its address taken, as it has none.
#define max(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
The parentheses ensure that the arguments and the resulting expression
are bound properly.
5 To illustrate the rules for redefinition and reexamination, the
sequence
#define x 3
#define f(a) f(x * (a))
#undef x
#define x 2
#define g f
#define z z[0]
#define h g(~
#define m(a) a(w)
#define w 0,1
#define t(a) a
f(y+1) + f(f(z)) % t(t(g)(0) + t)(1);
g(x+(3,4)-w) | h 5) & m
(f)^m(m);
results in
f(2 * (y+1)) + f(2 * (f(2 * (z[0])))) % f(2 * (0)) + t(1);
f(2 * (2+(3,4)-0,1)) | f(2 * (~5)) & f(2 * (0,1))^m(0,1);
6 To illustrate the rules for creating character string literals and
concatenating tokens, the sequence
#define str(s) # s
#define xstr(s) str(s)
#define debug(s, t) printf("x" # s "= %d, x" # t "= %s", \
x ## s, x ## t)
#define INCFILE(n) vers ## n /* from previous #include example */
#define glue(a, b) a ## b
#define xglue(a, b) glue(a, b)
#define HIGHLOW "hello"
#define LOW LOW ", world"
debug(1, 2);
fputs(str(strncmp("abc\0d", "abc", '\4') /* this goes away */
== 0) str(: @\n), s);
#include xstr(INCFILE(2).h)
glue(HIGH, LOW);
xglue(HIGH, LOW)
results in
printf("x" "1" "= %d, x" "2" "= %s", x1, x2);
fputs("strncmp(\"abc\\0d\", \"abc\", '\\4') == 0" ": @\n", s);
#include "vers2.h" (after macro replacement, before file access)
"hello";
"hello" ", world"
or, after concatenation of the character string literals,
printf("x1= %d, x2= %s", x1, x2);
fputs("strncmp(\"abc\\0d\", \"abc\", '\\4') == 0: @\n", s);
#include "vers2.h" (after macro replacement, before file access)
"hello";
"hello, world"
Space around the # and ## tokens in the macro definition is optional.
7 And finally, to demonstrate the redefinition rules, the following
sequence is valid.
#define OBJ_LIKE (1-1)
#define OBJ_LIKE /* white space */ (1-1) /* other */
#define FTN_LIKE(a) ( a )
#define FTN_LIKE( a )( /* note the white space */ \
a /* other stuff on this line
*/ )
But the following redefinitions are invalid:
#define OBJ_LIKE (0) /* different token sequence */
#define OBJ_LIKE (1 - 1) /* different white space */
#define FTN_LIKE(b) ( a ) /* different parameter usage */
#define FTN_LIKE(b) ( b ) /* different parameter spelling */
--end note]
16.4 Line control [cpp.line]
1 The string literal of a #line directive, if present, shall be a char-
acter string literal.
2 The line number of the current source line is one greater than the
number of new-line characters read or introduced in translation phase
1 (_lex.phases_) while processing the source file to the current
token.
3 A preprocessing directive of the form
# line digit-sequence new-line
causes the implementation to behave as if the following sequence of
source lines begins with a source line that has a line number as spec-
ified by the digit sequence (interpreted as a decimal integer). If
the digit sequence specifies zero or a number greater than 32767, the
behavior is undefined.
4 A preprocessing directive of the form
# line digit-sequence "s-char-sequenceopt" new-line
sets the line number similarly and changes the presumed name of the
source file to be the contents of the character string literal.
5 A preprocessing directive of the form
# line pp-tokens new-line
(that does not match one of the two previous forms) is permitted. The
preprocessing tokens after line on the directive are processed just as
in normal text (each identifier currently defined as a macro name is
replaced by its replacement list of preprocessing tokens). If the
directive resulting after all replacements does not match one of the
two previous forms, the behavior is undefined; otherwise, the result
is processed as appropriate.
16.5 Error directive [cpp.error]
1 A preprocessing directive of the form
# error pp-tokensopt new-line
causes the implementation to produce a diagnostic message that
includes the specified sequence of preprocessing tokens, and renders
the program ill-formed.
16.6 Pragma directive [cpp.pragma]
1 A preprocessing directive of the form
# pragma pp-tokensopt new-line
causes the implementation to behave in an implementation-defined man-
ner. Any pragma that is not recognized by the implementation is
ignored.
16.7 Null directive [cpp.null]
1 A preprocessing directive of the form
# new-line
has no effect.
16.8 Predefined macro names [cpp.predefined]
1 The following macro names shall be defined by the implementation:
__LINE__
The line number of the current source line (a decimal constant).
__FILE__
The presumed name of the source file (a character string literal).
__DATE__
The date of translation of the source file (a character string lit-
eral of the form "Mmm dd yyyy", where the names of the months are
the same as those generated by the asctime function, and the first
character of dd is a space character if the value is less than 10).
If the date of translation is not available, an implementation-
defined valid date is supplied.
__TIME__
The time of translation of the source file (a character string lit-
eral of the form "hh:mm:ss" as in the time generated by the asctime
function). If the time of translation is not available, an imple-
mentation-defined valid time is supplied.
__STDC__
Whether __STDC__ is predefined and if so, what its value is, are
implementation-defined.
__cplusplus
The name __cplusplus is defined to the value 199711L when compiling
a C++ translation unit.9)
+------- BEGIN BOX 1 -------+
The date is intended to specify the expected official date of the
standard. The Project Editor will revise the date as needed.
_________________________
9) It is intended that future versions of this standard will replace
the value of this macro with a greater value. Non-conforming compil-
ers should use a value with at most five decimal digits.
+------- END BOX 1 -------+
2 The values of the predefined macros (except for __LINE__ and __FILE__)
remain constant throughout the translation unit.
3 If any of the pre-defined macro names in this subclause, or the iden-
tifier defined, is the subject of a #define or a #undef preprocessing
directive, the behavior is undefined.