______________________________________________________________________
25 Algorithms library [lib.algorithms]
______________________________________________________________________
1 This clause describes components that C++ programs may use to perform
algorithmic operations on containers (_lib.containers_) and other
sequences.
2 The following subclauses describe components for non-mutating sequence
operation, mutating sequence operations, sorting and related opera
tions, and algorithms from the ISO C library, as summarized in Table
1:
Table 1--Algorithms library summary
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Subclause Header(s) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.alg.nonmutating_ Non-mutating sequence operations |
|_lib.alg.mutating.operations_ Mutating sequence operations <algorithm> |
|_lib.alg.sorting_ Sorting and related operations |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|_lib.alg.c.library_ C library algorithms <cstdlib> |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
Header <algorithm> synopsis
namespace std {
// subclause _lib.alg.nonmutating_, non-mutating sequence operations:
template<class InputIterator, class Function>
void for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Function f);
template<class InputIterator, class T>
InputIterator find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class InputIterator, class Predicate>
InputIterator find_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
Predicate pred);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1
find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2,
class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1
find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1
find_first_of(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
BinaryPredicate pred);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2,
class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1
find_first_of(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
BinaryPredicate pred);
template<class InputIterator>
InputIterator adjacent_find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
template<class InputIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
InputIterator adjacent_find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
BinaryPredicate pred);
template<class InputIterator, class T, class Size>
void count(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& value,
Size& n);
template<class InputIterator, class Predicate, class Size>
void count_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred,
Size& n);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class BinaryPredicate>
bool equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1 search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2,
class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1 search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
BinaryPredicate pred);
template<class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
ForwardIterator search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Size count, const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1 search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Size count, T value,
BinaryPredicate pred);
// subclause _lib.alg.mutating.operations_, mutating sequence operations:
// _lib.alg.copy_, copy:
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result);
template<class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
BidirectionalIterator2
copy_backward(BidirectionalIterator1 first,
BidirectionalIterator1 last,
BidirectionalIterator2 result);
// _lib.alg.swap_, swap:
template<class T>
void swap(T& a, T& b);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator2 swap_ranges(ForwardIterator1 first1,
ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2);
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperation>
OutputIterator transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator transform(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, OutputIterator result,
BinaryOperation binary_op);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
void replace(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& old_value, const T& new_value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class Predicate, class T>
void replace_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Predicate pred, const T& new_value);
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator replace_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result,
const T& old_value, const T& new_value);
template<class Iterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate, class T>
OutputIterator replace_copy_if(Iterator first, Iterator last,
OutputIterator result,
Predicate pred, const T& new_value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
void fill(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
template<class OutputIterator, class Size, class T>
void fill_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
void generate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Generator gen);
template<class OutputIterator, class Size, class Generator>
void generate_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, Generator gen);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator remove(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
ForwardIterator remove_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Predicate pred);
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, const T& value);
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate>
OutputIterator remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, Predicate pred);
template<class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
template<class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
BinaryPredicate pred);
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
OutputIterator unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, BinaryPredicate pred);
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last,
OutputIterator result);
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
void rotate(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator middle,
BidirectionalIterator last);
template<class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator result);
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
void random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
RandomNumberGenerator& rand);
// _lib.alg.partitions_, partitions:
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Predicate>
BidirectionalIterator partition(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last,
Predicate pred);
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Predicate>
ForwardIterator stable_partition(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last,
Predicate pred);
// subclause _lib.alg.sorting_, sorting and related operations:
// _lib.alg.sort_, sorting:
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle,
RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator middle,
RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
template<class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator>
RandomAccessIterator
partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
RandomAccessIterator result_first,
RandomAccessIterator result_last);
template<class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
RandomAccessIterator
partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
RandomAccessIterator result_first,
RandomAccessIterator result_last,
Compare comp);
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth,
RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator nth,
RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
// _lib.alg.binary.search_, binary search:
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
ForwardIterator lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value, Compare comp);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
ForwardIterator upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value, Compare comp);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
equal_range(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value,
Compare comp);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
bool binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
bool binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value, Compare comp);
// _lib.alg.merge_, merge:
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
class Compare>
OutputIterator merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
void inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator middle,
BidirectionalIterator last);
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
void inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator middle,
BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp);
// _lib.alg.set.operations_, set operations:
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
bool includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2, Compare comp);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
class Compare>
OutputIterator set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
class Compare>
OutputIterator set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
class Compare>
OutputIterator set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class OutputIterator,
class Compare>
OutputIterator
set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
// _lib.alg.heap.operations_, heap operations:
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void push_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void push_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void pop_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void pop_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void make_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void make_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void sort_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void sort_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
// _lib.alg.min.max_, minimum and maximum:
template<class T>
T min(const T& a, const T& b);
template<class T, class Compare>
T min(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
template<class T>
T max(const T& a, const T& b);
template<class T, class Compare>
T max(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
template<class InputIterator>
InputIterator max_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
template<class InputIterator, class Compare>
InputIterator max_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
Compare comp);
template<class InputIterator>
InputIterator min_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
template<class InputIterator, class Compare>
InputIterator min_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
Compare comp);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool lexicographical_compare(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
bool lexicographical_compare(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
Compare comp);
// _lib.alg.permutation.generators_, permutations
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
bool next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last);
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
bool next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last,
Compare comp);
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
bool prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last);
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
bool prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last,
Compare comp);
}
3 All of the algorithms are separated from the particular implementa
tions of data structures and are parameterized by iterator types.
Because of this, they can work with program-defined data structures,
as long as these data structures have iterator types satisfying the
assumptions on the algorithms.
4 Both in-place and copying versions are provided for certain
algorithms.1) When such a version is provided for algorithm it is
_________________________
1) The decision whether to include a copying version was usually based
called algorithm_copy. Algorithms that take predicates end with the
suffix _if (which follows the suffix _copy).
5 The Predicate class is used whenever an algorithm expects a function
object that when applied to the result of dereferencing the corre
sponding iterator returns a value testable as true. In other words,
if an algorithm takes Predicate pred as its argument and first as its
iterator argument, it should work correctly in the construct if
(pred(*first)){...}. The function object pred is assumed not to apply
any non-constant function through the dereferenced iterator.
6 The BinaryPredicate class is used whenever an algorithm expects a
function object that when applied to the result of dereferencing two
corresponding iterators or to dereferencing an iterator and type T
when Tis part of the signature returns a value testable as true. In
other words, if an algorithm takes BinaryPredicate binary_pred as its
argument and first1 and first2as its iterator arguments, it should
work correctly in the construct if (pred(*first, *first2)){...}.
BinaryPredicate always takes the first iterator type as its first
argument, that is, in those cases when T value is part of the signa
ture, it should work correctly in the context of if (pred(*first,
value)){...}. It is expected that binary_pred will not apply any non-
constant function through the dereferenced iterators.
7 In the description of the algorithms operators + and -are used for
some of the iterator categories for which they do not have to be
defined. In these cases the semantics of a+n is the same is that of
{ X tmp = a;
advance(tmp, n);
return tmp;
}
and that of a-b is the same as of
{ Distance n;
distance(a, b, n);
return n;
}
+------- BEGIN BOX 1 -------+
For the following algorithms: reverse, rotate, random_shuffle, sta
ble_partition, sort, stable_sort and inplace_merge the iterator
requirement can be relaxed to ForwardIterator. These algorithms could
then be dispatched upon the iterator category tags to use the most
efficient implementation for each iterator category. We have not
included the relaxation at this stage since it is not yet fully imple
mented.
+------- END BOX 1 -------+
_________________________
on complexity considerations. When the cost of doing the operation
dominates the cost of copy, the copying version is not included. For
example, sort_copy is not included since the cost of sorting is much
more significant, and users might as well do copy followed by sort.
25.1 Non-mutating sequence operations [lib.alg.nonmutating]
25.1.1 For each [lib.alg.foreach]
template<class InputIterator, class Function>
void for_each(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Function f);
Effects:
Applies f to the result of dereferencing every iterator in the range
[first, last).
Requires:
f shall not apply any non-constant function through the dereferenced
iterator.
Complexity:
Applies f exactly last - first times.
Notes:
If f returns a result, the result is ignored.
25.1.2 Find [lib.alg.find]
template<class InputIterator, class T>
InputIterator find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class InputIterator, class Predicate>
InputIterator find_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
Predicate pred);
Returns:
The first iterator i in the range [first, last) for which the fol
lowing corresponding conditions hold: *i == value, pred(*i) == true.
Returns last if no such iterator is found.
Complexity:
At most last - first applications of the corresponding predicate.
25.1.3 Find End [lib.alg.find.end]
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1
find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2,
class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1
find_end(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
BinaryPredicate pred);
Effects:
Finds a subsequence of equal values in a sequence.
Returns:
The last iterator i in the range [first1 + (last2-first2), last1)
such that for any non-negative integer n < (last2-first2), the fol
lowing corresponding conditions hold: *(i-n) == *(last2-n),
pred(*(i-n),*(last2-n)) == true. Returns last1 if no such iterator
is found.
Complexity:
At most last1 - first1 applications of the corresponding predicate.
25.1.4 Find First [lib.alg.find.first.of]
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1
find_first_of(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2,
class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1
find_first_of(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
BinaryPredicate pred);
Effects:
Finds a subsequence of equal values in a sequence.
Returns:
The first iterator i in the range [first1, last1-(last2-first2))
such that for any non-negative integer n < (last2-first2), the fol
lowing corresponding conditions hold: *i == *(first2+n),
pred(i,first2+n) == true. Returns last1 if no such iterator is
found.
Complexity:
Exactly find_first_of(first1,last1,first2+n) applications of the
corresponding predicate.
25.1.5 Adjacent find [lib.alg.adjacent.find]
template<class InputIterator>
InputIterator adjacent_find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
template<class InputIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
InputIterator adjacent_find(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
BinaryPredicate pred);
Returns:
The first iterator i such that both i and i + 1 are in the range
[first, last) for which the following corresponding conditions hold:
*i == *(i + 1), pred(*i, *(i + 1)) == true. Returns last if no such
iterator is found.
Complexity:
At most max((last - first) - 1, 0) applications of the corresponding
predicate.
25.1.6 Count [lib.alg.count]
template<class InputIterator, class T, class Size>
void count(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, const T& value,
Size& n);
template<class InputIterator, class Predicate, class Size>
void count_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred,
Size& n);
Effects:
Adds to n the number of iterators i in the range [first, last) for
which the following corresponding conditions hold: *i == value,
pred(*i) == true.
Complexity:
Exactly last - first applications of the corresponding predicate.
Notes:
count must store the result into a reference argument instead of
returning the result because the size type cannot be deduced from
built-in iterator types such as int*.
25.1.7 Mismatch [lib.mismatch]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class BinaryPredicate>
pair<InputIterator1, InputIterator2>
mismatch(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
Returns:
A pair of iterators i and j such that j == first2 + (i - first1) and
i is the first iterator in the range [first1, last1) for which the
following corresponding conditions hold:
!(*i == *(first2 + (i - first1))), pred(*i, *(first2 + (i - first1))) == false
Returns the pair last1 and first2 + (last1 - first1) if such an
iterator i is not found.
Complexity:
At most last1 - first1 applications of the corresponding predicate.
25.1.8 Equal [lib.alg.equal]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class BinaryPredicate>
bool equal(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, BinaryPredicate pred);
Returns:
true if for every iterator i in the range [first1, last1) the fol
lowing corresponding conditions hold: *i == *(first2 + (i -
first1)), pred(*i, *(first2 + (i - first1))) == true. Otherwise,
returns false.
Complexity:
At most last1 - first1 applications of the corresponding predicate.
25.1.9 Search [lib.alg.search]
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator1
search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2);
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2,
class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1
search(ForwardIterator1 first1, ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2, ForwardIterator2 last2,
BinaryPredicate pred);
Effects:
Finds a subsequence of equal values in a sequence.
Returns:
The first iterator i in the range [first1, last1 - (last2 - first2))
such that for any non-negative integer n less than last2 - first2
the following corresponding conditions hold: *(i + n) == *(first2 +
n), pred(*(i + n), *(first2 + n)) == true. Returns last1 if no such
iterator is found.2)
template<class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T>
ForwardIterator
search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Size count, const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class Size, class T,
class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator1
search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Size count, T value,
BinaryPredicate pred);
_________________________
2) The Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm is not used here. While the KMP
algorithm guarantees linear time, it tends to be slower in most prac
tical cases than the naive algorithm with worst-case quadratic behav
ior. The worst case is extremely unlikely. We expect that most im
plementations will provide a specialization:
char* search(char* first1, char* last1,
char* first2, char* last2);
1 that will use a variation of the Boyer-Moore algorithm for fast string
searching.
Effects:
Finds a subsequence of equal values in a sequence.
Returns:
The first iterator i in the range [first, last - count) such that
for any non-negative integer n less than count the following cor
responding conditions hold: *(i + n) == value, pred(*(i +
n),value) == true. Returns last if no such iterator is found.
25.2 Mutating sequence [lib.alg.mutating.operations]
operations
25.2.1 Copy [lib.alg.copy]
25.2.1.1 copy [lib.copy]
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result);
Effects:
Copies elements. For each non-negative integer n < (last -
first), performs *(result + n) = *(first + n).
Returns:
result + (last - first).
Requires:
result shall not be in the range [first, last).
Complexity:
Exactly last - first assignments.
25.2.1.2 copy_backward [lib.copy.backward]
template<class BidirectionalIterator1, class BidirectionalIterator2>
BidirectionalIterator2
copy_backward(BidirectionalIterator1 first,
BidirectionalIterator1 last,
BidirectionalIterator2 result);
Effects:
Copies elements in the range [first, last) into the range [result
- (last - first), result) starting from last - 1 and proceeding to
first. For each positive integer n <= (last - first), Performs
*(result - n) = *(last - n).
Requires:
result shall not be in the range [first, last).
Returns:
result - (last - first).
Complexity:
Exactly last - first assignments.
_________________________
3) copy_backward (_lib.copy.backward_) should be used instead of copy
when last is in the range [result - (last - first), result).
25.2.2 Swap [lib.alg.swap]
25.2.2.1 swap [lib.swap]
template<class T>
void swap(T& a, T& b);
Effects:
Exchanges values stored in two locations.
25.2.2.2 swap_ranges [lib.swap.ranges]
template<class ForwardIterator1, class ForwardIterator2>
ForwardIterator2
swap_ranges(ForwardIterator1 first1,
ForwardIterator1 last1,
ForwardIterator2 first2);
Effects:
For each non-negative integer n < (last1 - first1) performs:
swap(*(first1 + n), *(first2 + n)).
Requires:
The two ranges [first1, last1) and [first2, first2 + (last1 -
first1)) shall not overlap.
Returns:
first2 + (last1 - first1).
Complexity:
Exactly last1 - first1 swaps.
25.2.3 Transform [lib.alg.transform]
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator,
class UnaryOperation>
OutputIterator
transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator, class BinaryOperation>
OutputIterator
transform(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, OutputIterator result,
BinaryOperation binary_op);
Effects:
Assigns through every iterator i in the range [result, result +
(last1 - first1)) a new corresponding value equal to op(*(first1 +
(i - result)) or binary_op(*(first1 + (i - result), *(first2 + (i
- result))).
Requires:
op and binary_op shall not have any side effects.
Returns:
result + (last1 - first1).
Complexity:
Exactly last1 - first1 applications of op or binary_op.
Notes:
result may be equal to first in case of unary transform, or to
first1 or first2 in case of binary transform.
25.2.4 Replace [lib.alg.replace]
25.2.4.1 replace [lib.replace]
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
void replace(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& old_value, const T& new_value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class Predicate, class T>
void replace_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Predicate pred, const T& new_value);
Effects:
Substitutes elements referred by the iterator i in the range
[first, last) with new_value, when the following corresponding
conditions hold: *i == old_value, pred(*i) == true.
Complexity:
Exactly last - first applications of the corresponding predicate.
25.2.4.2 replace_copy [lib.replace.copy]
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator
replace_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result,
const T& old_value, const T& new_value);
template<class Iterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate, class T>
OutputIterator
replace_copy_if(Iterator first, Iterator last,
OutputIterator result,
Predicate pred, const T& new_value);
Effects:
Assigns to every iterator i in the range [result, result + (last -
first)) either new_value or *(first + (i - result)) depending on
whether the following corresponding conditions hold:
*(first + (i - result)) == old_value,
pred(*(first + (i - result))) == true
Returns:
result + (last - first).
Complexity:
Exactly last - first applications of the corresponding predicate.
25.2.5 Fill [lib.alg.fill]
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
void fill(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
template<class OutputIterator, class Size, class T>
void fill_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, const T& value);
Effects:
Assigns value through all the iterators in the range [first,
last)or [first, first + n).
Complexity:
Exactly last - first (or n) assignments.
25.2.6 Generate [lib.alg.generate]
template<class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
void generate(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Generator gen);
template<class OutputIterator, class Size, class Generator>
void generate_n(OutputIterator first, Size n, Generator gen);
Effects:
Invokes the function object gen and assigns the return value of
gen though all the iterators in the range [first, last) or [first,
first + n).
Requires:
gen takes no arguments.
Complexity:
Exactly last - first (or n) invocations of gen and assignments.
25.2.7 Remove [lib.alg.remove]
25.2.7.1 remove [lib.remove]
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator remove(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class Predicate>
ForwardIterator remove_if(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
Predicate pred);
Effects:
Eliminates all the elements referred to by iterator i in the range
[first, last) for which the following corresponding conditions
hold: *i == value, pred(*i) == true.
Returns:
The end of the resulting range.
Notes:
Stable: the relative order of the elements that are not removed
is the same as their relative order in the original range.
Complexity:
Exactly last - first applications of the corresponding predicate.
25.2.7.2 remove_copy [lib.remove.copy]
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class T>
OutputIterator
remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, const T& value);
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class Predicate>
OutputIterator
remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, Predicate pred);
Effects:
Copies all the elements referred to by the iterator i in the range
[first, last) for which the following corresponding conditions do
not hold: *i == value, pred(*i) == true.
Returns:
The end of the resulting range.
Complexity:
Exactly last - first applications of the corresponding predicate.
Notes:
Stable: the relative order of the elements in the resulting range
is the same as their relative order in the original range.
25.2.8 Unique [lib.alg.unique]
25.2.8.1 unique [lib.unique]
template<class ForwardIterator>
ForwardIterator unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last);
template<class ForwardIterator, class BinaryPredicate>
ForwardIterator unique(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
BinaryPredicate pred);
Effects:
Eliminates all but the first element from every consecutive group
of equal elements referred to by the iterator i in the range
[first, last) for which the following corresponding conditions
hold: *i == *(i - 1) or pred(*i, *(i - 1)) == true
Returns:
The end of the resulting range.
Complexity:
Exactly (last - first) - 1 applications of the corresponding pred
icate.
25.2.8.2 unique_copy [lib.unique.copy]
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator, class OutputIterator,
class BinaryPredicate>
OutputIterator
unique_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
OutputIterator result, BinaryPredicate pred);
Effects:
Copies only the first element from every consecutive group of
equal elements referred to by the iterator i in the range [first,
last) for which the following corresponding conditions hold: *i ==
*(i - 1) or pred(*i, *(i - 1)) == true
Returns:
The end of the resulting range.
Complexity:
Exactly last - first applications of the corresponding predicate.
25.2.9 Reverse [lib.alg.reverse]
25.2.9.1 reverse [lib.reverse]
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
void reverse(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last);
Effects:
For each non-negative integer i <= (last - first)/2, applies swap to
all pairs of iterators first + i, (last - i) - 1.
Complexity:
Exactly (last - first)/2 swaps.
25.2.9.2 reverse_copy [lib.reverse.copy]
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last, OutputIterator result);
Effects:
Copies the range [first, last) to the range [result, result + (last
- first)) such that for any non-negative integer i < (last - first)
the following assignment takes place:
*(result + (last - first) - i) = *(first + i)
Requires:
The ranges [first, last) and [result, result + (last - first)) shall
not overlap.
Returns:
result + (last - first).
Complexity:
Exactly last - first assignments.
25.2.10 Rotate [lib.alg.rotate]
25.2.10.1 rotate [lib.rotate]
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
void rotate(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator middle,
BidirectionalIterator last);
1 For each non-negative integer i < (last - first), places the element
from the position first + i into position first + (i + (middle -
first)) % (last - first).
Complexity:
At most last - first swaps.
25.2.10.2 rotate_copy [lib.rotate.copy]
template<class ForwardIterator, class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle,
ForwardIterator last, OutputIterator result);
Effects:
Copies the range [first, last) to the range [result, result + (last
- first)) such that for each non-negative integer i < (last - first)
the following assignment takes place:
*(first + i) = *(result + (i + (middle - first)) % (last - first))
Returns:
result + (last - first).
Requires
The ranges [first, last) and [result, result + (last - first)) shall
not overlap.
Complexity:
Exactly last - first assignments.
25.2.11 Random shuffle [lib.alg.random.shuffle]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first,
RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class RandomNumberGenerator>
void random_shuffle(RandomAccessIterator first,
RandomAccessIterator last,
RandomNumberGenerator& rand);
Effects:
Shuffles the elements in the range [first, last) with uniform
distribution.
Complexity:
Exactly (last - first) - 1 swaps.
Notes:
random_shuffle can take a particular random number generating func
tion object rand such that rand returns a randomly chosen double in
the interval [0, 1).
25.2.12 Partitions [lib.alg.partitions]
25.2.12.1 partition [lib.partition]
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Predicate>
BidirectionalIterator
partition(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last, Predicate pred);
Effects:
Places all the elements in the range [first, last) that satisfy pred
before all the elements that do not satisfy it.
Returns:
An iterator i such that for any iterator j in the range [first, i),
pred(*j) == true, and for any iterator k in the range [i, last),
pred(*j) == false.
Complexity:
At most (last - first)/2 swaps. Exactly last - first applications
of the predicate is done.
25.2.12.2 stable_partition [lib.stable.partition]
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Predicate>
ForwardIterator
stable_partition(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last, Predicate pred);
Effects:
Places all the elements in the range [first, last) that satisfy pred
before all the elements that do not satisfy it.
Returns:
An iterator i such that for any iterator j in the range [first, i),
pred(*j) == true, and for any iterator k in the range [i, last),
pred(*j) == false. The relative order of the elements in both
groups is preserved.
Complexity:
At most (last - first) * log(last - first) swaps, but only linear
number of swaps if there is enough extra memory. Exactly last -
first applications of the predicate.
25.3 Sorting and related operations [lib.alg.sorting]
1 All the operations in this section have two versions: one that takes a
function object of type Compare and one that uses an operator<.
2 Compare is used as a function object which returns true if the first
argument is less than the second, and false otherwise. Compare comp
is used throughout for algorithms assuming an ordering relation. It
is assumed that comp will not apply any non-constant function through
the dereferenced iterator. For all algorithms that take Compare,
there is a version that uses operator< instead. That is, comp(*i, *j)
== true defaults to *i < *j == true. For the algorithms to work cor
rectly, comp has to induce a total ordering on the values.
3 A sequence is sorted with respect to a comparator comp if for any
iterator i pointing to the sequence and any non-negative integer n
such that i + n is a valid iterator pointing to an element of the
sequence, comp(*(i + n), *i) == false.
4 In the descriptions of the functions that deal with ordering relation
ships we frequently use a notion of equality to describe concepts such
as stability. The equality to which we refer is not necessarily an
operator==, but an equality relation induced by the total ordering.
That is, two element a and b are considered equal if and only if !(a <
b) && !(b < a).
25.3.1 Sorting [lib.alg.sort]
25.3.1.1 sort [lib.sort]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void sort(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
Effects:
Sorts the elements in the range [first, last).
Complexity:
Approximately NlogN (where N == last - first) comparisons on the
average.4)
25.3.1.2 stable_sort [lib.stable.sort]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void stable_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
_________________________
4) If the worst case behavior is important sta
ble_sort(_lib.stable.sort_) or partial_sort (_lib.partial.sort_)
should be used.
Effects:
Sorts the elements in the range [first, last).
Complexity:
It does at most Nlog2N (where N == last - first) comparisons; if
enough extra memory is available, it is NlogN.
Notes:
Stable: the relative order of the equal elements is preserved.
25.3.1.3 partial_sort [lib.partial.sort]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
RandomAccessIterator middle,
RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void partial_sort(RandomAccessIterator first,
RandomAccessIterator middle,
RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
Effects:
Places the first middle - first sorted elements from the range
[first, last) into the range [first, middle). The rest of the ele
ments in the range [middle, last) are placed in an undefined order.
Complexity:
It takes approximately (last - first) * log(middle - first) compar
isons.
25.3.1.4 partial_sort_copy [lib.partial.sort.copy]
template<class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator>
RandomAccessIterator
partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
RandomAccessIterator result_first,
RandomAccessIterator result_last);
template<class InputIterator, class RandomAccessIterator,
class Compare>
RandomAccessIterator
partial_sort_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
RandomAccessIterator result_first,
RandomAccessIterator result_last,
Compare comp);
Effects:
Places the first min(last - first, result_last - result_first)
sorted elements into the range [result_first, result_first +
min(last - first, result_last - result_first)).
Returns:
The smaller of: result_last or result_first + (last - first)
Complexity:
Approximately (last - first) * log(min(last - first, result_last -
result_first))comparisons.
25.3.2 Nth element [lib.alg.nth.element]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first,
RandomAccessIterator nth,
RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void nth_element(RandomAccessIterator first,
RandomAccessIterator nth,
RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);
1 After nth_element the element in the position pointed to by nth is the
element that would be in that position if the whole range were sorted.
Also for any iterator i in the range [first, nth) and any iterator j
in the range [nth, last) it holds that: !(*i > *j) or comp(*i, *j) ==
false.
Complexity:
Linear on average.
25.3.3 Binary search [lib.alg.binary.search]
1 All of the algorithms in this section are versions of binary search.
They work on non-random access iterators minimizing the number of com
parisons, which will be logarithmic for all types of iterators. They
are especially appropriate for random access iterators, since these
algorithms do a logarithmic number of steps through the data struc
ture. For non-random access iterators they execute a linear number of
steps.
25.3.3.1 lower_bound [lib.lower.bound]
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator
lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
ForwardIterator
lower_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value, Compare comp);
Effects:
Finds the first position into which value can be inserted without
violating the ordering.
Returns:
The furthermost iterator i in the range [first, last) such that for
any iterator j in the range [first, i) the following corresponding
conditions hold: *j < value or comp(*j, value) == true
Complexity:
At most log(last - first) + 1 comparisons.
25.3.3.2 upper_bound [lib.upper.bound]
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
ForwardIterator
upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
ForwardIterator
upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value, Compare comp);
Effects:
Finds the furthermost position into which value can be inserted
without violating the ordering.
Returns:
The furthermost iterator i in the range [first, last) such that for
any iterator j in the range [first, i) the following corresponding
conditions hold: !(value < *j) or comp(value, *j) == false
Complexity:
At most log(last - first) + 1 comparisons.
25.3.3.3 equal_range [lib.equal.range]
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
equal_range(ForwardIterator first,
ForwardIterator last, const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
pair<ForwardIterator, ForwardIterator>
equal_range(ForwardIterator first,
ForwardIterator last, const T& value,
Compare comp);
Effects:
Finds the largest subrange [i, j) such that the value can be
inserted at any iterator k in it. k satisfies the corresponding
conditions: !(*k < value) && !(value < *k) or comp(*k, value) ==
false && comp(value, *k) == false.
Complexity:
At most 2 * log(last - first) comparisons.
25.3.3.4 binary_search [lib.binary.search]
template<class ForwardIterator, class T>
bool binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value);
template<class ForwardIterator, class T, class Compare>
bool binary_search(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last,
const T& value, Compare comp);
Returns:
true if there is an iterator i in the range [first last) that satis
fies the corresponding conditions: !(*i < value) && !(value < *i) or
comp(*i, value) == false && comp(value, *i) == false.
Complexity:
At most log(last - first) + 1 comparisons.
25.3.4 Merge [lib.alg.merge]
25.3.4.1 merge [lib.merge]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator, class Compare>
OutputIterator
merge(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
Effects:
Merges two sorted ranges [first1, last1) and [first2, last2) into
the range [result, result + (last1 - first1) + (last2 - first2)).
1 The resulting range shall not overlap with either of the original
ranges.
Returns:
result + (last1 - first1) + (last2 - first2).
Complexity:
At most (last1 - first1) + (last2 - first2) - 1 comparisons.
Notes:
Stable: for equal elements in the two ranges, the elements from the
first range always precede the elements from the second.
25.3.4.2 inplace_merge [lib.inplace.merge]
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
void inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator middle,
BidirectionalIterator last);
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
void inplace_merge(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator middle,
BidirectionalIterator last, Compare comp);
Effects:
Merges two sorted consecutive ranges [first, middle) and [middle,
last), putting the result of the merge into the range [first, last).
Complexity:
At most last - first comparisons. If no additional memory is avail
able, the number of assignments can be equal to NlogN where N is
equal to last - first.
Notes:
Stable: for equal elements in the two ranges, the elements from the
first range always precede the elements from the second.
25.3.5 Set operations on sorted [lib.alg.set.operations]
structures
1 This section defines all the basic set operations on sorted struc
tures. They even work with multiset s containing multiple copies of
equal elements. The semantics of the set operations is generalized to
multisets in a standard way by defining union to contain the maximum
number of occurrences of every element, intersection to contain the
minimum, and so on.
25.3.5.1 includes [lib.includes]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
bool includes(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
Compare comp);
Returns:
true if every element in the range [first2, last2) is contained in
the range [first1, last1). Returns false otherwise.
Complexity:
At most ((last1 - first1) + (last2 - first2)) * 2 - 1 comparisons.
25.3.5.2 set_union [lib.set.union]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator, class Compare>
OutputIterator
set_union(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
Effects:
Constructs a sorted union of the elements from the two ranges.
Requires:
The resulting range shall not overlap with either of the original
ranges.
Returns:
The end of the constructed range.
Complexity:
At most ((last1 - first1) + (last2 - first2)) * 2 - 1 comparisons.
Notes:
Stable: if an element is present in both ranges, the one from the
first range is copied.
25.3.5.3 set_intersection [lib.set.intersection]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator, class Compare>
OutputIterator
set_intersection(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
Effects:
Constructs a sorted intersection of the elements from the two
ranges.
Requires:
The resulting range shall not overlap with either of the original
ranges.
Returns:
The end of the constructed range.
Complexity:
At most ((last1 - first1) + (last2 - first2)) * 2 - 1 comparisons.
Notes:
Stable, that is, if an element is present in both ranges, the one
from the first range is copied.
25.3.5.4 set_difference [lib.set.difference]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator, class Compare>
OutputIterator
set_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
Effects:
Constructs a sorted difference of the elements from the two ranges.
Requires:
The resulting range shall not overlap with either of the original
ranges.
Returns:
The end of the constructed range.
Complexity:
At most ((last1 - first1) + (last2 - first2)) * 2 - 1 comparisons.
25.3.5.5 set_symmetric_difference [lib.set.symmetric.difference]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator>
OutputIterator
set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2,
class OutputIterator, class Compare>
OutputIterator
set_symmetric_difference(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2, InputIterator2 last2,
OutputIterator result, Compare comp);
Effects:
Constructs a sorted symmetric difference of the elements from the
two ranges.
Requires:
The resulting range shall not overlap with either of the original
ranges.
Returns:
The end of the constructed range.
Complexity:
At most ((last1 - first1) + (last2 - first2)) * 2 - 1 comparisons.
25.3.6 Heap operations [lib.alg.heap.operations]
1 A heap is a particular organization of elements in a range between two
random access iterators [a, b). Its two key properties are: (1) *a is
the largest element in the range and (2) *a may be removed by
pop_heap, or a new element added by push_heap, in O(logN) time. These
properties make heaps useful as priority queues. make_heap converts a
range into a heap and sort_heap turns a heap into a sorted sequence.
25.3.6.1 push_heap [lib.push.heap]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void push_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void push_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
Requires:
The range [first, last - 1) shall be a valid heap.
Effects:
Places the value in the location last - 1 into the resulting heap
[first, last).
Complexity:
At most log(last - first) comparisons.
25.3.6.2 pop_heap [lib.pop.heap]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void pop_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void pop_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
Requires:
The range [first, last) shall be a valid heap.
Effects:
Swaps the value in the location first with the value in the location
last - 1 and makes [first, last - 1) into a heap.
Complexity:
At most 2 * log(last - first) comparisons.
25.3.6.3 make_heap [lib.make.heap]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void make_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void make_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
Effects:
Constructs a heap out of the range [first, last).
Complexity:
At most 3*(last - first) comparisons.
25.3.6.4 sort_heap [lib.sort.heap]
template<class RandomAccessIterator>
void sort_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last);
template<class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
void sort_heap(RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last,
Compare comp);
Effects:
Sorts elements in the heap [first, last).
Complexity:
At most NlogN comparisons, where N == last - first.
Notes:
Not stable.
25.3.7 Minimum and maximum [lib.alg.min.max]
25.3.7.1 min [lib.min]
template<class T>
T min(const T& a, const T& b);
template<class T, class Compare>
T min(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
Returns:
The smaller value.
Notes:
Returns the first argument when their arguments are equal.
25.3.7.2 max [lib.max]
template<class T>
T max(const T& a, const T& b);
template<class T, class Compare>
T max(const T& a, const T& b, Compare comp);
Returns:
The larger value.
Notes:
Returns the first argument when their arguments are equal.
25.3.7.3 max_element [lib.max.element]
template<class InputIterator>
InputIterator max_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
template<class InputIterator, class Compare>
InputIterator max_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
Compare comp);
Returns:
The first iterator i in the range [first, last) such that for any
iterator j in the range [first, last) the following corresponding
conditions hold: !(*i < *j) or comp(*i, *j) == false.
Complexity:
Exactly max((last - first) - 1, 0) applications of the corresponding
comparisons.
25.3.7.4 min_element [lib.min.element]
template<class InputIterator>
InputIterator min_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last);
template<class InputIterator, class Compare>
InputIterator min_element(InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
Compare comp);
Returns:
The first iterator i in the range [first, last) such that for any
iterator j in the range [first, last) the following corresponding
conditions hold: !(*j < *i) or comp(*j, *i) == false
Complexity:
Exactly max((last - first) - 1, 0) applications of the corresponding
comparisons.
25.3.8 Lexicographical comparison [lib.alg.lex.comparison]
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2>
bool lexicographical_compare(InputIterator1 first1,
InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2,
InputIterator2 last2);
template<class InputIterator1, class InputIterator2, class Compare>
bool lexicographical_compare(InputIterator1 first1,
InputIterator1 last1,
InputIterator2 first2,
InputIterator2 last2,
Compare comp);
Returns:
true if the sequence of elements defined by the range [first1,
last1) is lexicographically less than the sequence of elements
defined by the range [first2, last2).
Returns false otherwise.
Complexity:
At most min((last1 - first1), (last2 - first2)) applications of the
corresponding comparison.
25.3.9 Permutation generators [lib.alg.permutation.generators]
25.3.9.1 next_permutation [lib.next.permutation]
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
bool next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last);
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
bool next_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last,
Compare comp);
Effects:
Takes a sequence defined by the range [first, last) and transforms
it into the next permutation. The next permutation is found by
assuming that the set of all permutations is lexicographically
sorted with respect to operator< or comp. If such a permutation
exists, it returns true. Otherwise, it transforms the sequence into
the smallest permutation, that is, the ascendingly sorted one, and
returns false.
Complexity:
At most (last - first)/2 swaps.
25.3.9.2 prev_permutation [lib.prev.permutation]
template<class BidirectionalIterator>
bool prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last);
template<class BidirectionalIterator, class Compare>
bool prev_permutation(BidirectionalIterator first,
BidirectionalIterator last,
Compare comp);
Effects:
Takes a sequence defined by the range [first, last) and transforms
it into the previous permutation. The previous permutation is found
by assuming that the set of all permutations is lexicographically
sorted with respect to operator< or comp.
Returns:
true if such a permutation exists. Otherwise, it transforms the
sequence into the largest permutation, that is, the descendingly
sorted one, and returns false.
Complexity:
At most (last - first)/2 swaps.
25.4 C library algorithms [lib.alg.c.library]
1 Header <cstdlib> (partial, Table 2):
Table 2--Header <cstdlib> synopsis
+-----------------------------+
| Type Name(s) |
+-----------------------------+
|Functions: bsearch qsort |
+-----------------------------+
2 The contents are the same as the Standard C library. SEE ALSO: ISO C
subclause 7.10.5.