C++17 should refer to C11 instead of C99

Introduction

This document is a follow-on to P0063R0, from the pre-Kona mailing. It goes into the details of the “easy part” described therein. Much of its rationale is not repeated here.

It has also been revised as a result of LEWG review in Jacksonville. Changes from R1 are boxed.

Signal handler restrictions

18.10p10 effectively says that a signal handler must be written in the common subset of C and C++. But C++ and C11 both have thread-local storage. Referencing C11 instead of C99 might be taken to suggest that it would be OK for a signal handler to reference a thread-local object.

It turns out that there is a technicality/loophole by which this can be dodged. Because the associated keyword is spelled differently in C and C++, technically thread-local storage is not actually in the common subset of the two languages – even though both languages support the feature.

While this state would not provide a satisfying long-term resolution, it is considered adequate to separate the deep technical issues of signal handlers from the broader, more editorial issues of updating the normative reference. Hans has written P0270 to address signal handlers.

This document also doesn't go into interoperability of threads or atomics in a mixed C/C++ program.

Header coverage

C11 made the <complex.h> header optional. Currently in C++, the <ccomplex> header maps directly to the <complex> header. Simply deleting the requirement for a <ccomplex> header is simpler, and may be better, than making it optional. Of course an implementation would not need to change in order to conform to the new state of affairs, but programs that use <ccomplex> instead of <complex> would cease to be strictly conforming.

C11 also added five new headers:

<stdatomic.h>

<threads.h>

These are also optional in C11, and since their functionality is already provided in C++ by other means, it's not clear that inventing optional wrappers for them would be worth the effort.

<stdalign.h>

<uchar.h>

C++ already covers these two, having inherited one of them from the C Unicode TR (later incorporated into C11), and having effectively jumped the gun on the other one.

<stdnoreturn.h>

All this provides is a single prettifying macro:

#define noreturn _Noreturn

In C++, [[noreturn]] is probably already considered pretty enough.

So it's not clear that C++ needs to add anything for any of these new headers.

LEWG decided that <stdatomic.h>, <stdnoreturn.h> and <threads.h> should all be ignored – except that there should be a footnote pointing out that their omission is intentional.

It was also decided that the existing headers <ccomplex> and <ctgmath> should be deprecated. <ciso646> was called out as explicitly having no effect according to the standard, but apparently the real world is not so simple. <cstdalign> and <cstdbool> were mentioned as also being pointless in C++, but were not the subject of any straw poll; I have taken the liberty of assuming that perhaps they should be deprecated as well.

Annex K   Bounds checking interfaces

C11 optionally added several dozen new functions to the standard library, as safer alternatives to existing standard C library functions. For example, strcat_s was added as an alternative to strcat.

The declarations of these functions were added to existing headers; backward compatibility was provided by requiring that they be controlled by the setting of a macro: __STDC_WANT_LIB_EXT1__. A program can suppress them by defining the macro to zero, or request them by defining the macro to one. Whether they are declared if the macro is not defined by the program is implementation-defined.

At a recent WG14 meeting, a proposal was considered (N1967) that these functions should be removed from a future revision of the standard.

LEWG decided that these functions should not be imported into the std namespace, but that it should be entirely implementation-defined whether they are declared in the global namespace. (Any implementation can document that it does the full “macro dance” described by the C standard.)

Working draft changes

1.2   Normative references

Change paragraph 1:

...

• ...
• ISO/IEC 9899:19992011, Programming languages — C
• ISO/IEC 9899:19992011/Cor 1:20012012(E), Programming languages — C, Technical Corrigendum 1
• ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.2:2004(E), Programming languages — C, Technical Corrigendum 2
• ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.3:2007(E), Programming languages — C, Technical Corrigendum 3
• ...
• ISO/IEC TR 19769:2004, Information technology — Programming languages, their environments and system software interfaces — Extensions for the programming language C to support new character data types

Change paragraph 2:

The library described in Clause 7 of ISO/IEC 9899:19992011 and Clause 7 of ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.1:2001 and Clause 7 of ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.2:2003 is hereinafter called the C standard library.¹

Delete paragraph 3:

The library described in ISO/IEC TR 19769:2004 is hereinafter called the C Unicode TR.

17.5.1.5   C Library

Change paragraph 1:

Paragraphs labeled “See also:” contain cross-references to the relevant portions of this International Standard and the ISO C standard, which is incorporated into this International Standard by reference.

17.6.1.2   Headers

Add a footnote to paragraph 3:

The facilities of the C standard Library are provided in 26 additional headers, as shown in Table 15.^N)

N) It is intentional that there is no C++ header for any of these C headers: <stdatomic.h>, <stdnoreturn.h>, <threads.h>.

Change paragraph 4:

Except as noted in Clauses 18 through 30 and Annex D, the contents of each header cname shall be the same as that of the corresponding header name.h, as specified in the C standard library (1.2) or the C Unicode TR, as appropriate, as if by inclusion. In the C++ standard library, however, the declarations (except for names which are defined as macros in C) are within namespace scope (3.3.6) of the namespace std. It is unspecified whether these names (including any overloads added in Clauses 18 through 30 and Annex D) are first declared within the global namespace scope and are then injected into namespace std by explicit using-declarations (7.3.3).

Add a new paragraph to this section:

Annex K of the C standard describes a large number of functions which “promote safer, more secure programming” than many of the traditional C library functions. The names of most of these functions have a suffix of _s; they provide the same service as the C library function with the unsuffixed name, but generally take an additional argument, whose value is the size of the result array. If a C++ header is included that corresponds to a C header that declares any of these functions, it is implementation-defined whether any of these functions is declared in the global namespace; none of them is declared in namespace std.

18.2   Types

Change reference to C standard for paragraph 9:

See also: ... ISO C 7.1.6 7.19.

18.3.3   C library

Change table 32:

DBL_DIG         DBL_MIN_EXP     FLT_MAX_EXP    LDBL_MANT_DIG
DBL_EPSILON     DECIMAL_DIG     FLT_MIN        LDBL_MAX_10_EXP
DBL_MANT_DIG    FLT_DIG         FLT_MIN_10_EXP LDBL_MAX_EXP
DBL_MAX         FLT_EPSILON     FLT_MIN_EXP    LDBL_MAX
DBL_MAX_10_EXP  FLT_EVAL_METHOD FLT_RADIX      LDBL_MIN
DBL_MAX_EXP     FLT_MANT_DIG    FLT_ROUNDS     LDBL_MIN_10_EXP
DBL_MIN FLT_MAX LDBL_DIG        LDBL_MIN_EXP
DBL_MIN_10_EXP  FLT_MAX_10_EXP  LDBL_EPSILON
DBL_HAS_SUBNORM FLT_HAS_SUBNORM LDBL_HAS_SUBNORM
DBL_DECIMAL_DIG FLT_DECIMAL_DIG LDBL_DECIMAL_DIG
DBL_TRUE_MIN    FLT_TRUE_MIN    LDBL_TRUE_MIN

It looks like all the functionality represented by these new macros is already available from numeric_limits.

Change references to C standard:

See also: ISO C 7.1.5, 5.2.4.2.2, 5.2.4.2.1.

18.5   Start and termination

Change paragraph 12:

... [ Note: The standard file buffers are not flushed. See: ISO C 7.20.4.4 7.22.4.5. —end note ]

Change reference to C standard for paragraph 4:

See also: ... ISO C 7.10.4 7.22.4.

18.6.1.4   Data races

Change paragraph 1:

For purposes of determining the existence of data races, the library versions of operator new, user replacement versions of global operator new, the C standard library functions aligned_alloc, calloc and malloc, the library versions of operator delete, user replacement versions of operator delete, the C standard library function free, and the C standard library function realloc shall not introduce a data race (17.6.5.9). Calls to these functions that allocate or deallocate a particular unit of storage shall occur in a single total order, and each such deallocation call shall happen before (1.10) the next allocation (if any) in this order.

18.6.1.1 also references malloc, and reference to aligned_alloc should be made as well; that issue is addressed in P0035.

18.10   Other runtime support

Change reference to C standard for paragraph 3:

See also: ISO C 4.8.1.1 7.16.1.1.

Change references to C standard for paragraph 4:

See also: ISO C 7.10.4, 7.8, 7.6, 7.13 7.12.

7.10.4 referred to the exit family of functions; 7.8 to <stdarg.h>; and 7.12 (possibly) to <time.h>. These other references may be relevant elsewhere, but not to this paragraph, which is solely about setjmp and longjmp.

19.3   Assertions

Change paragraph 3:

The contents are the same as the Standard C library header <assert.h>, except that a macro named static_assert is not defined in header <cassert> or in header <assert.h>.

Note: This kind of problem is handled in a slightly different way in 18.10p7-8.

20.7.13   C library

Change table 45:

Functions: calloc malloc  aligned_alloc
           free   realloc

Change paragraph 3:

The functions aligned_alloc(), calloc(), malloc(), and realloc() do not attempt to allocate storage by calling ::operator new() (18.6).

Change the reference to the C standard for paragraph 4:

See also: ISO C Clause 7.11.2 7.22.3.

Change paragraph 5:

Storage allocated directly with aligned_alloc(), malloc(), calloc(), or realloc() is implicitly declared reachable (see 3.7.4.3) on allocation, ....

Change the reference to the C standard for paragraph 7:

See also: ISO C Clause 7.11.2 7.24.

20.12.8   Date and time functions

Change table 60:

Macros: NULL   CLOCKS_PER_SEC TIME_UTC
Types:  size_t clock_t        time_t
Struct: tm     timespec
Functions:
asctime clock  difftime       localtime strftime
ctime   gmtime mktime         time      timespec_get

Change the references to the C standard for paragraph 2:

See also: ISO C Clause 7.12 7.27. , Amendment 1 Clause 4.6.4.

21.8   Null-terminated sequence utilities

Change the references to the C standard for paragraph 15:

See also: ISO C 7.3, 7.10.7, 7.10.8, and 7.11. Amendment 1 4.4, 4.5, and 4.6 7.4, 7.22.7, 7.22.8, 7.24, 7.28, 7.29 and 7.30.

22.6   C library locales

Change the reference to the C standard for paragraph 3:

See also: ISO C Clause 7.4 7.11.

25.5   C library algorithms

Change the reference to the C standard for paragraph 4:

See also: ISO C Clause 7.10.5 7.22.5.

26.3   The floating-point environment

The changes to be made to this section will depend on the direction to be taken on P0175.

For editorial consistency, replace everything from section header 26.3.1 through paragraph 2 with the following:

Table N describes header <cfenv>.

Table N — Header <cfenv> synopsis

Macros:
FE_DIVBYZERO	FE_OVERFLOW	FE_DOWNWARD	FE_UPWARD
FE_INEXACT	FE_UNDERFLOW	FE_TONEAREST	FE_DFL_ENV
FE_INVALID	FE_ALL_EXCEPT	FE_TOWARDZERO
Types:	fenv_t	fexcept_t
Functions:
feclearexcept	fesetexceptflag	fesetround	fesetenv
fegetexceptflag	fetestexcept	fegetenv	feupdateenv
feraiseexcept	fegetround	feholdexcept

The contents of this header are the same as the Standard C library header <fenv.h>.

26.8   C library

Change paragraph 1:

The header <ctgmath> simply includes the headers <ccomplex> <complex> and <cmath>.

Change paragraph 2:

[ Note: The overloads provided in C by type-generic macros are already provided in <ccomplex> <complex> and <cmath> by “sufficient” additional overloads. —end note ]

Change the references to the C standard for paragraph 11:

See also: ISO C 7.5, 7.10.2, 7.10.6 7.12, 7.22.2, 7.22.6.

27.4.1   Overview

Change paragraph 3:

Mixing operations on corresponding wide- and narrow-character streams follows the same semantics as mixing such operations on FILEs, as specified in Amendment 1 of the ISO C standard.

27.9.2   C library files

Change paragraph 1:

Table 133 describes header <cstdio>. [ Note: C++ does not define the function gets. —end note ]

Add a new paragraph following paragraph 1:

The contents of this header are the same as the Standard C library header <stdio.h>.

Change table 133:

clearerr fopen   fsetpos putchar snprintf vscanf
fclose   fprintf ftell   puts    sprintf  vsnprintf
feof     fputc   fwrite  remove  sscanf   vsprintf
ferror   fputs   getc    rename  tmpfile  vsscanf
fflush   fread   getchar rewind  tmpnam   vfscanf
fgetc    freopen perror  scanf   ungetc
fgetpos  fscanf  printf  setbuf  vfprintf
fgets    fseek   putc    setvbuf vprintf

Change the references to the C standard for paragraph 2:

See also: ISO C 7.9, Amendment 1 4.6.2 7.21.

Change paragraph 3:

Table 134 describes header <cinttypes>. [ Note: The macros defined by <cinttypes> are provided unconditionally. In particular, the symbol __STDC_FORMAT_MACROS, mentioned in footnote 182 of the C standard, plays no role in C++. —end note ]

D.3   C standard library headers

Change paragraph 1:

For compatibility with the C standard library and the C Unicode TR, the C++ standard library provides the 26 22 C headers, as shown in Table 154.

Change table 154:

<assert.h>  <inttypes.h> <signal.h>   <stdio.h>  <wchar.h>
<complex.h> <iso646.h>   <stdalign.h> <stdlib.h> <wctype.h>
<ctype.h>   <limits.h>   <stdarg.h>   <string.h>
<errno.h>   <locale.h>   <stdbool.h>  <tgmath.h>
<fenv.h>    <math.h>     <stddef.h>   <time.h>
<float.h>   <setjmp.h>   <stdint.h>   <uchar.h>

Since all C headers have been deprecated for some time already, it seems reasonable to delete the ones for which the corresponding C++ header is going to be deprecated.

Add a new paragraph:

The use of any of the C++ headers <ccomplex>, <cstdalign>, <cstdbool>, or <ctgmath>, is deprecated.

Related proposals

P0035R1

“Dynamic memory allocation for over-aligned data”, Clark Nelson

P0175R0

“Synopses for the C library”, Thomas Köppe, Richard Smith

P0270R0

“Removing C dependencies from signal handler wording”, Hans-J. Boehm