Redrafting: issues 667, 861, 990, 818

Introduction

Issue 667 Proposed Resolution

Only special member functions may be explicitly defaulted. Explicitly-defaulted functions and implicitly-declared functions are collectively called defaulted functions, and the implementation shall define them as if they hadprovide implicit definitions for them (12.1 [class.ctor], 12.4 [class.dtor], 12.8 [class.copy]), which might mean defining them as deleted. A special member function that would be implicitly defined as deleted may be explicitly defaulted only on its first declaration, in which case it is defined as deleted. A special member function is user-provided if it is user-declared and not explicitly defaulted on its first declaration. A user-provided explicitly-defaulted function is defined at the point where it is explicitly defaulted; if such a function is implicitly defined as deleted, the program is ill-formed.

... If there is no user-declared constructor for class X, a constructor having no parameters is implicitly declared as defaulted (8.4). An implicitly-declared default constructor is an inline public member of its class. A default constructor is trivial if it is not user-provided (8.4) and if:

• its class has no virtual functions (10.3) and no virtual base classes (10.1), and
• no non-static data member of its class has a brace-or-equal-initializer, and
• all the direct base classes of its class have trivial default constructors, and
• for all the non-static data members of its class that are of class type (or array thereof), each such class has a trivial default constructor.

An implicitly-declared defaulted default constructor for class X is defined as deleted if:

• X is a union-like class that has a variant member with a non-trivial default constructor,
• any non-static data member is of reference type,
• any non-static data member of const-qualified type (or array thereof) does not have a user-provided default constructor, or
• any non-static data member or direct or virtual base class has class type M (or array thereof) and M has no default constructor, or if overload resolution (13.3) as applied to M's default constructor, results in an ambiguity or a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the implicitly-declareddefaulted default constructor.

A default constructor is trivial if it is neither user-provided nor deleted and if:

• its class has no virtual functions (10.3) and no virtual base classes (10.1), and
• no non-static data member of its class has a brace-or-equal-initializer, and
• all the direct base classes of its class have trivial default constructors, and
• for all the non-static data members of its class that are of class type (or array thereof), each such class has a trivial default constructor.

Otherwise, the default constructor is non-trivial.

A non-user-provided default constructor for a class that is defaulted and not defined as deleted is implicitly defined when it is used (3.2) to create an object of its class type (1.8), or when it is explicitly defaulted after its first declaration. The implicitly-defined or explicitly-defaulted default constructor performs the set of initializations of the class that would be performed by a user-written default constructor for that class with no ctor-initializer (12.6.2) and an empty compound-statement. If that user-written default constructor would be ill-formed, the program is ill-formed. If that user-written default constructor would satisfy the requirements of a constexpr constructor (7.1.5), the implicitly-defined default constructor is constexpr. Before the non-user-provideddefaulted default constructor for a class is implicitly defined, all the non-user-provided default constructors for its base classes and its non-static data members shall have been implicitly defined. [ Note: an implicitly-declared default constructor has an exception-specification (15.4). An explicitly-defaulted definition has no implicit exception-specification. --end note ]

If a class has no user-declared destructor, a destructor is declared implicitly declared as defaulted (8.4). An implicitly-declared destructor is an inline public member of its class. If the class is a union-like class that has a variant member with a non-trivial destructor, an implicitly-declared destructor is defined as deleted (8.4). A destructor is trivial if it is not user-provided and if:

• the destructor is not virtual,
• all of the direct base classes of its class have trivial destructors, and
• for all of the non-static data members of its class that are of class type (or array thereof), each such class has a trivial destructor.

An implicitly-declared defaulted destructor for a class X is defined as deleted if:

• X is a union-like class that has a variant member with a non-trivial destructor,
• any of the non-static data members has class type M (or array thereof) and M has an deleted destructor or a destructor that is inaccessible from the implicitly-declareddefaulted destructor, or
• any direct or virtual base class has a deleted destructor or a destructor that is inaccessible from the implicitly-declareddefaulted destructor.

A destructor is trivial if it is neither user-provided nor deleted and if:

• the destructor is not virtual,
• all of the direct base classes of its class have trivial destructors, and
• for all of the non-static data members of its class that are of class type (or array thereof), each such class has a trivial destructor.

Otherwise, the destructor is non-trivial.

A non-user-provided destructor that is defaulted and not defined as deleted is implicitly defined when it is used to destroy an object of its class type (3.7), or when it is explicitly defaulted after its first declaration. A program is ill-formed if the class for which a destructor is implicitly defined or explicitly defaulted has:

• a non-static data member of class type (or array thereof) with an inaccessible destructor, or
• a base class with an inaccessible destructor.

Before the non-user-provideddefaulted destructor for a class is implicitly defined, all the non-user-definedprovided destructors for its base classes and its non-static data members shall have been implicitly defined. [ Note: an implicitly-declared destructor has an exception-specification (15.4). An explictly defaulted definition has no implicit exception-specification. -- end note ]

If the class definition does not explicitly declare a copy constructor, one is declared implicitly declared as defaulted (8.4).

....

An implicitly-declared copy constructor is an inline public member of its class. An implicitly-declareddefaulted copy constructor for a class X is defined as deleted if X has:

• a variant member with a non-trivial copy constructor and X is a union-like class,
• a non-static data member of class type M (or array thereof) that cannot be copied because overload resolution (13.3), as applied to M's copy constructor, results in an ambiguity or a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the implicitly-declareddefaulted copy constructor, or
• a direct or virtual base class B that cannot be copied because overload resolution (13.3), as applied to B's copy constructor, results in an ambiguity or a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the implicitly-declareddefaulted copy constructor.

A copy constructor for class X is trivial if it is notneither user-provided nor deleted (8.4) and if

• class X has no virtual functions (10.3) and no virtual base classes (10.1), and
• the constructor selected to copy each direct base class subobject is trivial, and
• for each non-static data memberof X that is of class type (or array thereof), the constructor selected to copy that member is trivial;

otherwise the copy constructor is non-trivial.

A non-user-provided copy constructor that is defaulted and not defined as deleted is implicitly defined if it is used to initialize an object of its class type from a copy of an object of its class type or of a class type derived from its class type [ Footnote .... ], or when it is explicitly defaulted after its first declaration. [ Note: the copy constructor is implicitly defined even if the implementation elided its use (12.2). -- end note ]

Before the non-user-provideddefaulted copy constructor for a class is implicitly defined, all non-user-provided copy constructors for its direct and virtual base classes and its non-static data members shall have been implicitly defined. [ Note: an implicitly-declared copy constructor has an exception-specification (15.4). An explicitly- defaulted definition has no implicit exception-specification. -- end note ]

The implicitly-defined or explicitly-defaulted copy constructor for a non-union class X performs a memberwise copy of its subobjects. [ Note: brace-or-equal-initializers of non-static data members are ignored. See also the example in 12.6.2. -- end note ] The order of copying is the same as the order of initialization of bases and members in a user-defined constructor (see 12.6.2). Each subobject is copied in the manner appropriate to its type:

• if the subobject is of class type, the copy constructor for the class is used;
• if the subobject is an array, each element is copied, in the manner appropriate to the element type;
• if the subobject is of scalar type, the built-in assignment operator is used.

Virtual base class subobjects shall be copied only once by the implicitly-defined copy constructor (see 12.6.2).

The implicitly-defined or explicitly-defaulted copy constructor for a union X copies the object representation (3.9) of X.

....

If the class definition does not explicitly declare a copy assignment operator, one is declared implicitly declared as defaulted (8.4).

....

An implicitly-declared copy assignment operator is an inline public member of its class. An implicitly-declareddefaulted copy assignment operator for class X is defined as deleted if X has:

• a variant member with a non-trivial copy assignment operator and X is a union-like class,
• a non-static data member of const non-class type (or array thereof), or
• a non-static data member of reference type, or
• a non-static data member of class type M (or array thereof) that cannot be copied because overload resolution (13.3), as applied to M's copy assignment operator, results in an ambiguity or a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the implicitly-declareddefaulted copy assignment operator, or
• a direct or virtual base class B that cannot be copied because overload resolution (13.3), as applied to B’s copy assignment operator, results in an ambiguity or a function that is deleted or inaccessible from the implicitly-declareddefaulted copy assignment operator.

Because a copy assignment operator is implicitly declared for a class if not declared by the user, a base class copy assignment operator is always hidden by the copy assignment operator of a derived class (13.5.3). A using-declaration (7.3.3) that brings in from a base class an assignment operator with a parameter type that could be that of a copy-assignment operator for the derived class is not considered an explicit declaration of a copy-assignment operator and does not suppress the implicit declaration of the derived class copy- assignment operator; the operator introduced by the using-declaration is hidden by the implicitly-declared copy-assignment operator in the derived class.

A copy assignment operator for class X is trivial if it is notneither user-provided nor deleted and if

• class X has no virtual functions (10.3) and no virtual base classes (10.1), and
• the assignment operator selected to copy each direct base class subobject is trivial, and
• for each non-static data memberof X that is of class type (or array thereof), the assignment operator selected to copy that member is trivial;

otherwise the copy assignment operator is non-trivial.

A non-user-provided copy assignment operator that is defaulted and not defined as deleted is implicitly defined when an object of its class type is assigned a value of its class type or a value of a class type derived from its class type, or when it is explicitly defaulted after its first declaration.

Before the non-user-provideddefaulted copy assignment operator for a class is implicitly defined, all non-user-provided copy assignment operators for its direct base classes and its non-static data members shall have been implicitly defined. [ Note: an implicitly-declared copy assignment operator has an exception-specification (15.4). An explicitly-defaulted definition has no implicit exception-specification. -- end note ]

The implicitly-defined or explicitly-defaulted copy assignment operator for a non-union class X performs memberwise assignment of its subobjects. The direct base classes of X are assigned first, in the order of their declaration in the base-specifier-list, and then the immediate non-static data members of X are assigned, in the order in which they were declared in the class definition. Each subobject is assigned in the manner appropriate to its type:

• if the subobject is of class type, the copy assignment operator for the class is used (as if by explicit qualification; that is, ignoring any possible virtual overriding functions in more derived classes);
• if the subobject is an array, each element is assigned, in the manner appropriate to the element type;
• if the subobject is of scalar type, the built-in assignment operator is used.

It is unspecified whether subobjects representing virtual base classes are assigned more than once by the implicitly-defined or explicitly-defaulted copy assignment operator. [ Example:

      struct  V { };
      struct  A : virtual V { };
      struct  B : virtual V { };
      struct  C : B, A { };

It is unspecified whether the virtual base class subobject V is assigned twice by the implicitly-defined copy assignment operator for C. -- end example ]

The implicitly-defined or explicitly-defaulted copy assignment operator for a union X copies the object representation (3.9) of X.